sive journeys in Bengal, and explored a number of islands in the Indian seas, braving all dangers and surmounting all difficulties, with an intrepidity and perseverance which insured the complete success of their mission; but which unfortunately overtaxed the hearty, joyous energies of Duvaucel, and brought him prematurely to the grave. The communications which he addressed to the various learned societies in Europe with which he corresponded, contain descriptive passages of singular felicity. Their scientific merit was cordially acknowledged in the notices of him which appeared in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, in the Philosophical Transactions, and in the Memoirs of the Royal Society.—J. S., G.
DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Abbé de Saint-Cyran, a celebrated jansenist, was born of a noble family at Bayonne in 1581. He received his first education at his native place, and went afterwards to study theology at Louvain. There he met with Jansenius, a circumstance which determined in a great measure the course of his future life. The two young men were most diligent students, and commenced a careful examination of the fathers, particularly of St. Augustine. Jansenius became bishop of Ypres, and Duvergier, by the generosity of La Roche-Pozay, bishop of Poitiers, was made abbot of Saint-Cyran. The latter, however, who was not destitute of ambition, went to Paris, where his reputation for sanctity and his austere and gloomy religion procured for him an ascendency over an extensive class of minds. Penitents from all quarters flocked to him for direction. He was joined also in a strict friendship with the celebrated Arnauld family, and possessed great influence in the female convent of Port-Royal des Champs, which was under the direction of Angélique Arnauld. He was in fact the idol of the jansenists, and took an active part in the great controversy which was then raging between them and the jesuits. On the pretext that some of his doctrines were of a dangerous political tendency, he was thrown into prison by Richelieu, who had at first tried to moderate his jansenist ardour with the offer of place. On his enlargement he returned to his house at Paris, and recommenced the war with the jesuits; but six months afterwards his pen suddenly dropt from his hand, and the din of controversy was heard by him no more. He died of apoplexy, October 11, 1643.—R. M., A.
DUVERNOY, George Louis, a celebrated French anatomist and zoologist. His father practised as a physician in the principality of Montbelliard, where his son was born on the 6th of August, 1777. He commenced his studies under the direction of his father, and was afterwards sent to Stuttgard, but on pain of being regarded as an emigré he repaired to Strasburg, where he chose medicine as his profession. He afterwards studied in Paris, and in 1799 was appointed pharmacien of the third class in the army of the Alps. In 1800 he returned to Paris and graduated in medicine, giving as his thesis a treatise on hysteria. In 1802 he became associated with Cuvier, and assisted Duméril in the publication of the Leçons d'Anatomie Comparée. He afterwards married, and returned to Montbelliard to practise medicine, but was recalled to Paris in 1809, and named assistant professor of zoology to the Faculty of Sciences. Again he returned to his native country; but having lost his wife and children, he was induced to undertake the chair of natural history in Strasburg in 1827. He now wrote extensively on natural history, and became known for his writings on comparative anatomy and palæontology. On the death of Cuvier in 1837, he was appointed to the chair of natural history in the college of France, and in 1850 he succeeded De Blainville in the chair of comparative anatomy till his death in 1855. He was an accurate observer and extensive writer, and was one of a number of remarkable men in France who, educated for the medical profession, pursued at the same time natural history, and made the epoch in which they lived remarkable for the advancement of natural science.—E. L.
DUVIVIER, Franciade-Fleurus, a French general, born at Rouen in 1794, and died at Paris in 1848. His father being a soldier, Duvivier was educated in military notions. He obtained the rank of lieutenant of artillery in 1814. On the breaking out of the Algerine war he passed over to Africa, and highly distinguished himself in the long series of irregular conflicts which characterized that disgraceful conquest. He returned to France in 1841, and published an exposure of the military errors which had been committed under his own eyes. He was named general of division at the revolution of 1848, but fell in one of the bloody struggles which inaugurated the short-lived republic. Duvivier was a voluminous and able writer. We may mention his "Observations sur la guerre de la succession d'Espagne;" "Recherches sur les inscriptions pheniciennes et libyques." He had also in hand when he died a great work on the origin of the Phenician language.—R. M., A.
DWIGHT, Timothy, LL.D., was born at Northampton in Hampshire, Massachusetts, North America, in 1752. His father, who was a merchant and farmer, was a man of good education, excellent character, and considerable wealth; and his mother, who was a daughter of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards, was a woman of great native vigour of mind and of rare acquirements. Under the care of his mother, Timothy received the rudiments of education; and from his earliest years he displayed great love for learning and remarkable facility in the acquisition of knowledge. His acquaintance with history and geography was extensive and familiar, yet it is said he obtained by far the greater part of his information on these subjects before he was twelve years of age. In 1765 he entered Yale college, and remained there as a student for four years. During the first two years of his attendance at college he was idle and dissipated, spending much of his time at the gaming-table and other scenes of amusement; during the second two years he studied with an intensity of application which undermined his constitution, and affected his health for the remainder of his life. After an absence from his college of two years, during which time he was occupied in teaching, he returned and acted for several years with great success in the capacity of college tutor. Shortly after the breaking out of the American war, Dwight, who had been licensed as a preacher, was appointed one of the military chaplains, and joined the army of the United States at West Point. He remained in the army a little more than a year, endearing himself to the soldiers by the affectionate and diligent manner in which he discharged his duties; and left it on hearing of his father's death, in order to reside near his mother, and assist her in the management of her property and the education of the younger children of the family. During the five years after 1778, Dwight was diligently engaged in preaching and teaching in various places, and he also took a decided and somewhat prominent part in the exciting political movements of the period. In 1783 he was ordained as pastor of a congregation at Greenfield in Connecticut, where he continued till 1795, when he was appointed president of Yale college, at which he had been educated. Under his presidency the number of students in attendance rose from one hundred and ten to three hundred and thirteen—a fact which has been ascribed to his zeal and wisdom as a professor and educational superintendent. In this important situation he continued till the close of his life, exercising a very extensive and beneficial influence by his lectures to the students, his numerous and varied publications, and his active promotion of pious and benevolent enterprises. After a long, and at times an excessively painful illness, which was borne with extraordinary patience and fortitude, he died in January, 1817, aged sixty-five. Dwight wrote much both in prose and verse; but he is best known in this country by his system of theology, which has been several times printed in Britain, and which takes rank with the works of Boston, Ridgley, Watson, Dick, Hill, and Wardlaw.—J. B. J.
DYCE, Alexander, Rev., an accomplished author, critic, and commentator, was born at Edinburgh in 1798, the son of a general officer in what was the East India company's service. He was educated at Edinburgh high school, and at Exeter college, Oxford; and entering the church, filled for a time more than one rural curacy. He settled in London, and devoted himself to literature as a profession, in 1827, the year of his publication of his "Specimens of the British Poetesses." He contributed a number of accurate and excellent memoirs to the Aldine edition of the British poets; and most of the greater Elizabethan dramatists owe to him the reappearance of their works in modern type, carefully edited, and with careful memoirs of the authors. His Marlowe (1831) was among the earliest of these editions, which include the works of Peele, Webster, Greene, Beaumont and Fletcher, &c. The minute knowledge of Elizabethan literature thus gained contributed to make Mr. Dyce an able editor of Shakspeare, of whom he completed a new edition in 1857. In 1844 he published a volume of plain-spoken "Remarks on Collier's and Knight's Shakspeares;" in 1853, "A few Notes on Shakspeare;" and in 1859, some extremely
