buried in the church of St. Gronin in Toulouse. Among many other places, he became in after ages the patron saint of the capital of Scotland—where the 1st of September was set apart to his honour. The church of St. Giles, which for generations was the sole parish church of Edinburgh, was considered highly favoured in having possession of an armbone of the saint, which was displayed every year, in a setting of silver, in the procession of the 1st September. Sir David Lindsay in his Monarchies, written in 1554, made a fervent attack upon the idolatrous worship paid to the image of St. Giles by the burghers of Edinburgh on this annual occasion. And his expostulations were not without effect, for only two years later "the idol" was seized and carried out of the church, and ignominiously drowned in the North Loch; and in 1557 when the priests—having obtained another idol called "young St. Giles," from the Greyfriars—insisted on making their procession as usual, the bearers of the image were mobbed in the High Street, and the head of young St. Giles was "dadded" on the causeway. Knox's account of this affair in his History of the Reformation is highly graphic and humorous.—P. L.
EGILSSON, Svenbjorn, a distinguished Icelandic antiquarian and lexicographer, was born 12th March, 1791, in Iceland. He was the originator of the Northern Antiquarian Society established in 1825, and took part in the establishment of the Icelandic Literary Society, of which he was vice-president. He produced—"Ordbog i det gamle nordiske Digtersprog (Lexicon poeticum linguae septentrionialis);" a Latin translation of the Norwegian Kongesagaer (Scripta Historica Islandorum), and an Icelandic translation of Homer. He was deeply versed in the Scaldic language of the north. He died in Iceland, 1852.—M. H.
EGINHARD, a native of East France, was a pupil of Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus, who was the friend and adviser of Charlemagne, and the most learned man of his age. Through the advice and influence of his teacher, Eginhard was introduced to the emperor who appointed him his secretary, and afterwards superintendent of buildings. He married a lady named Emma, who is supposed by some to have been an illegitimate daughter of Charlemagne, but this supposition rests on no satisfactory evidence. After the death of Charlemagne, Eginhard continued for a while in the court of his successor, Louis the Pious, and was tutor to his son Lotharius; but some time after, under the influence of strong religious impressions, he and his wife separated by mutual consent, and while Emma retired to a nunnery, Eginhard resigned his offices under Louis, and entered the monastery of Fontenelle of which he subsequently became abbot. He was afterwards abbot of Selignstadt in the diocese of Mentz. Even after his formal retirement from the court, he seems to have been often consulted by Louis in cases of difficulty, and was of service to the monarch in the disasters that arose out of the revolt of Pepin and Lotharius. He died about 840. His principal works are a "Life of Charlemagne;" "Account of the Miracles of Saints Martin, Cellinus, and Peter;" and Annals from 741 to 829.—J. B. J.
EGIZIO, Matteo, a Neapolitan archæologist, born in 1674; died in 1745. His father, though poor, gave him a liberal education, and in his early youth Matteo applied himself to mathematics, medicine, and law, until, led by a natural disposition, he devoted his leisure to the study of antiquity, to which he owes his fame. His "Senatus-consulti de Bacchanalibus, sive æneæ vetustæ tabulæ Musæi Cæsarei Vindobonensis explicatio" was much valued by the learned world, and inserted by Poleni in the collection of Graevius. Besides this and other interpretations of ancient monuments, he wrote some literary essays in Italian and in Latin, in which he shows himself familiar with both Greek and Roman classics. His Latin epistles to several learned men in Italy and abroad, may be consulted with interest as regards the history of literature in those days. He attempted also a few poetical compositions in Italian, but with little success. A complete catalogue of his works is contained in the series of his "Opuscoli volgari e Latini," Napoli, 1751. He supported himself at his first starting into life by private employments in noble families, but his social position rose with his reputation. Having been secretary to the municipality of Naples for some time, in which office he deserved well of his country, he went subsequently in 1735 to Paris, as attaché to the Neapolitan ambassador, the prince of Torella; and there became a favourite with Louis XV. On his return to Naples he was much honoured by Charles of Bourbon, who appointed him librarian to the biblioteca reale, and bestowed on him a title of nobility.—See, for further particulars, the biographical notice in the above quoted collection of his pamphlets.—A. S., O.
EGLANTINE. See Fabre.
EGLINTON, Archibald William Montgomerie, fifteenth earl of, a prominent conservative peer, was born at Palermo in 1812, and succeeded to the title on the death of his grandfather in 1819. To the general public he first became known by his resuscitation of a mediaeval pageant—the famous Eglinton tournament given at his ancestral seat of Eglinton castle in 1839, and which attracted spectators from all parts of Europe. In 1841 he married a wealthy widow, Mrs. Cockerell; and having adhered to the section of conservatism opposed to the free-trade policy of the late Sir Robert Peel, he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, on Lord Derby's first accession to power in the December of 1852. His courtesy and hospitality made him extremely popular with all classes and parties in Ireland; and he was naturally reappointed to the Irish vice-royalty when Lord Derby became a second time premier, in the February of 1858. Just before he became for the first time lord-lieutenant of Ireland, he was elected, in the November of 1852, lord-rector of Glasgow university; and, in the year of his last occupancy of the vice-regal office, he married a second time the only daughter of the sixth earl of Essex; his former countess having died in the year 1853. Lord Eglinton died suddenly of apoplexy, during a visit to St. Andrews, on the 4th October, 1861.—F. E.
EGLISHAM, EGLISEMMIUS, or EGLISEM, George, M.D., a Scotch physician, who enjoyed the distinction of attending James II. "for above ten years," and who coveted that of being a better poet than George Buchanan. He translated some of the Psalms, and with so much satisfaction to himself that he appealed to the university of Paris, to have it declared that Buchanan's translations were much inferior. This is the history of the work by which alone he is now known, viz., the poetic duel with Buchanan.—J. S., G.
EGLOFFSTEIN, Carl August, a German general, who made himself conspicuous in the service of Napoleon, was born in 1771, and died in 1834. After seeing some service in the Polish wars of 1793-94, he joined, as first lieutenant, the contingent furnished by the duke of Saxe-Weimar to the army of the Rhine; fought bravely at Jena; and entered Berlin in 1807 at the head of the duke's forces. He afterwards fought gloriously in Spain, and on his return to Germany was promoted to the command of a brigade, at the head of which he went through the campaign of 1812. At the period of the retreat from Moscow he was in Poland, and so active in his efforts to retrieve the disasters of the time, that Napoleon gave him the cross of the legion of honour. In 1815 he was in France in command of a brigade. He was latterly made inspector-general of the military service in Saxe-Weimar, and a councillor of state.—J. S., G.
EGMONT, Counts of: the title of a noble Dutch family in North Holland, one branch of which were for some time princes of Gavre and dukes of Guelder; another counts of Buren. The most distinguished members of the former were—
John II., who became lord of Egmont in 1409. His marriage with the niece of Renaud, duke of Guelder, led him to refuse his assistance to the count of Holland, William VI., his feudal superior, in a war with the duke and John d'Arkel. He and his brother formed a plot to betray the court into the hands of the duke. The design, however, was discovered, and excited strong indignation against the two Egmonts. The council declared them guilty of treason, their possessions were confiscated, and they were condemned to be beheaded. They took refuge in the castle of Ysselstein, but in the end agreed to quit the country on the promise of a pension from the count. After the death of William, the Egmonts took up arms against his daughter, but it was not until 1421 that they were re-established in their patrimonial inheritance, through the influence of John of Bavaria. In 1423 Arnold, son of John of Egmont, was recognized by the states of Guelder and Zutphen, on the death of the duke, as their sovereign, and John himself was appointed guardian of the duchy during his son's minority. In the following year John was raised to the rank of count by the Emperor Sigismund. He died in 1452.—Charles, duke of Guelder, son of Duke Adolphus, was born in 1467. He was taken prisoner at Nimeguen in 1473 by Charles the Bold of Burgundy, and was educated by him at Ghent, his aunt meanwhile governing Guelder in his absence. Charles made his first essay in arms in his seventeenth year, under Engilbert of Nassau.
