Eck, and soon after published a tract, containing some account of the disputation, which brought him into violent conflict with the reformer. Luther replied to him in 1519, in a letter addressed Ad Ægocerotem Emseranum, in which he dubbed him the "Goat of Leipzig," an allusion to the goat's head in Emser's family shield, which the latter was fond of displaying upon the titlepage of his writings. Emser's rejoinder was entitled "A Venatione Ægocerotem Assertio," in which he described Luther's theology as nova et cynica, and attacked his person and character with abusive violence. It was Emser who first published the false accusation, that the sole reason of Luther's attack upon Tetzel and the traffic in indulgences, was the annoyance of the German Augustinians at the traffic being put into the hands of the Dominicans. In 1521 and 1522 Emser published no fewer than eight different pieces, all marked by violent personality against Luther and the other reformers of Saxony and Switzerland; and the strife continued with unabated fury till Emser's death, which took place in 1527. He was associated with Eck in preparing a German translation of the New Testament, intended to counteract the influence of Luther's version; but he borrowed largely from the work which he condemned, his learning being unequal to the task of translating from the Greek original.—P. L.
ENAMBUC, Pierre Vandrosque Diel d', a French voyager of the seventeenth century, was descended from a noble family. He died in 1636. He took early to the sea, and had the good fortune to attract the notice of Richelieu. Enambuc's chief exploits took place in the West Indies. It was he that began the colonization of the islands of St. Christophers and Martinique. He acted for some time, from mutual hostility against the Spaniards, in concert with the English captain, Warner, with whom, however, he afterwards quarrelled. The beginnings of the French settlement in these islands were full of difficulties and misfortunes, which Enambuc, who was both a brave soldier and a skilful governor, did his best to overcome. Enambuc died in St. Christophers.—R. M., A.
ENCINA, Juan de. See Enzina.
ENCINAS, Francisco, called also Dryander, an eminent Spanish reformer, was a native of Burgos. Nothing is known of his early life; but in 1541 he was living in Louvaine, where his attachment to Lutheranism drew upon him much hatred, which induced him in that year to exchange what he called a "captivitas Babylonica" for the freer and more congenial air of Wittenberg. During his residence there he enjoyed the cordial esteem and friendship of Luther and Melancthon, and occupied himself in executing a translation of the New Testament into his native tongue. When the work was ready for the press, he returned to the Netherlands to get it printed and published. The printing was finished at Antwerp in 1543, but having resolved not to publish without the license of Charles V., he waited till the emperor came to Brussels. Having obtained an audience through the influence of a friendly bishop, his work was graciously received by Charles, who handed it to a Spanish monk, Peter a Soto, for his judgment upon it; which proving hostile, the publication was not only prohibited, but Encinas was treacherously seized and cast into prison. This occurred in December, 1543, and he continued in bondage till February 1, 1545, when, observing the prison door standing open, he seized the opportunity to make his escape. After his flight, he was cited to appear before the tribunal, and was condemned to perpetual banishment from the Spanish dominions. Having returned to Wittenberg, he remained there for some time with Melancthon, and was afterwards resident in Basle, in England, and in Strasburg. Melancthon recommended him to Edward VI., for a chair in one of the English universities, and during his sojourn in England, in 1548 and 1549, he experienced much kindness from the king and Cranmer, but he failed of obtaining any settled appointment. He died 21st December, 1552. He drew up a history of his imprisonment and escape, which was printed at Antwerp in 1545, and the substance of which was incorporated with the reformation histories of the period. As a separate piece, it is extremely rare. His brother John was also a Lutheran, and brought over John Diaz and many other of his countrymen to the same faith. He was bold enough to avow his opinions even in Rome, where he was apprehended and burnt as a heretic in 1546, after having made a fearless confession in presence of the cardinals and many other leading men of Rome.—P. L.
ENCISO, Diego Ximenez de, a Spanish dramatic writer, in the first half of the seventeenth century. Some of his works appear in the collection entitled "Comedias escogidas;" the bulk of them are now of small interest, but a few are noteworthy, both from their dramatic portraiture of character, and from the light they throw on some events in Spanish history. In "El Principe Don Carlos," we find a very different view of that prince, and of his father Philip II., from that which is familiar to the readers of Schiller, and possibly one more conformable to the facts of history. Other works are "La Mayor hazaña de Carlos V., and "El gran duque de Florencia Juan Latino."—F. M. W.
ENCKE, Johann Franz, the astronomer, son of a clergyman of Hamburg, was born there, September 23, 1791. He studied at the university of Göttingen principally under the celebrated Professor Gauss. In the year 1813-14 his studies were interrupted by his being enrolled for active service in the force raised by the Hanseatic towns, and by his attaining the rank of lieutenant of artillery in the army of Prussia. While thus employed, he made the acquaintance of Lindenau, who, on his becoming minister of state after the conclusion of the war, appointed the young lieutenant to a situation in the observatory of Seeberg, near Gotha. Of this institution he became assistant-director in 1825, and shortly afterwards he was called to Berlin to assume the duties of director of the royal observatory, and of secretary of the Academy of Sciences. In the discharge of these duties he earned an almost unrivalled reputation among modern German astronomers. One of the most important of his contributions to astronomical science is the work which he first published, "Die Entfernung der Sonne," being a masterly discussion of the totality of the observations of the transits of Venus of 1761 and 1769. He has also the merit of having established the periodicity of the comet discovered by Pons in 1818, which he showed to be identical with comets observed in the years 1786, 1795, and 1805. It is now known as Encke's comet. On every occasion of the return of this comet to the perihelion subsequent to its appearance in 1818, he calculated beforehand the elements of its orbit, taking into account the effect of planetary perturbation. Having found during the early period of his researches that the passage of the comet through the perihelion took place a little in anticipation of the time assigned by the theory of gravitation, he was led to suspect the existence of a resisting medium. His subsequent calculations of the comet's motion have been based upon this hypothesis, and from the close agreement of its results with those of observation there can hardly be any doubt respecting its correctness. His researches on this subject are to be found in the volumes of the Berlin Academy for 1829, 1831, 1833, 1836, 1842, 1844, 1851, and 1854; in Nos. 210-11, of the Astronomische Nachrichten, and in the volumes of the Berlin Jahrbuch for 1822, 1823, and 1858. Upon his removal to Berlin he assumed the editorship of the Astronomisches Jahrbuch. In the appendices to the successive volumes of this publication the reader will find a multitude of profound papers by Encke, on various subjects of physical astronomy. Among them is one containing the exposition of a method for calculating the perturbations of the minor planets. Encke died on the 2nd September, 1865.—R. G.
ENCONTRE, Daniel, a French writer upon mathematics and botany, was born at Nimes in 1762, and died at Montpellier in 1818. He was educated in Switzerland, where his father was a minister of the reformed church; but in early manhood he went to Paris, and forsaking theological studies for a time, gave himself to the pursuit of philological and scientific knowledge. He was for some time a pastor in Languedoc, and in 1808 became professor in the academy of Montpellier. In 1814 he removed to Montauban, to occupy a chair of theology. His writings were of a very miscellaneous description, but only those relating to mathematics or botany were much valued.—J. S., G.
ENDER, Johann and Thomas, twin brothers, painters, born at Vienna in 1793. Johann gave himself to history and portraits, and Thomas to landscape and perspective. The former followed Count Szechenyi to Greece, afterwards studied in Rome and in Florence, and ultimately settled at Vienna, where he became a professor of the imperial academy of St. Anna. Besides portraits, which were much admired, Johann exhibited in 1824 a "Judith," which produced a great sensation. Thomas studied in Vienna, then paid a visit to the Tyrolese Alps, and afterwards travelled to Brazil from whence he brought home a large number of interesting drawings—nine hundred. After this excursion he followed: Metternich into Italy and to Paris, meeting everywhere with esteem and honours.—R. M.
