became countess of Pembroke, and showed her regard for her "well-languaged" tutor by erecting a monument to his memory. In the reign of James VI., Daniel was nominated gentleman-extraordinary and one of the grooms of the chamber to Queen Anne. He was also appointed master of the queen's revels, and inspector of the plays to be represented by the juvenile performers. Mr. Campbell says, that at the death of Spenser, "Daniel furnished, as a voluntary laureate, several masks and pageants for the court, but retired, with apparent mortification, before the ascendant favour of Jonson." The latter seems to have regarded Daniel as a rival, and speaks with derision of some of his verses. But the friendship of Shakspeare and Selden might have compensated the amiable poet for this unworthy treatment. Towards the close of his life Daniel retired to a farm at Beckington in Somersetshire, where he died in October, 1619, "beloved, honoured, and lamented." The works of Daniel are comprised in two considerable volumes. His larger poems are "somewhat a flat," as one of his contemporaries remarked. His "History of the Civil Wars between York and Lancaster," and his "Complaint of Rosamond," are rather versified narratives than poems, though they contain many stanzas which exhibit the combination of graceful language with beautiful description and sweetness of thought. "The Tragedy of Cleopatra" is composed in alternate rhymes, with choruses on the antique model. A poetical dialogue, entitled "Musophilus," written in terza-rima verse, is by some reckoned his masterpiece. "A Letter from Octavia to Mark Antony" is characterized by great dramatic power. "Hymen's Triumph"—a pastoral tragi-comedy—says Coleridge, "exhibits a continued series of first-rate beauties in thought, passion, and imagery, and in language and metre is so faultless, that the style of that poem may without extravagance be declared to be imperishable English." Besides these poems, Daniel is the author of a tragedy named "Philotas;" "The Queen's Arcadia," a pastoral tragi-comedy; of several masques, odes, and epistles; and of fifty-seven sonnets to Delia. His prose works are "A Defence of Rhyme," published in 1611, and a "History of England, in two parts, extending from the Norman conquest to the end of the reign of Edward III."—a judicious and popular work written in a clear, simple, and agreeable style. It was continued to the death of Richard III. by John Truss'er, an alderman of Winchester, but the continuation is inferior to the original work. Daniel's writings are now most undeservedly neglected.—J. T.
DANIEL, Samuel, an ingenious artist and traveller, died in Ceylon in 1811, aged thirty-six years. Having gone early in life to the Cape of Good Hope, Daniel, along with two scientific companions, penetrated further in a north-eastern direction than any preceding European travellers. Some of the drawings which he made during this journey appeared in his work entitled "African Scenery." He took a large collection of illustrations of African life with him to England on his return in 1804. He afterwards went to Ceylon, intent on prosecuting his favourite studies and researches.—A. M., A.
DANIELE, Francesco, a distinguished Italian antiquary and historian, was born in 1740. He was royal historiographer to Ferdinand IV. of Naples, and secretary to the Academia Ercolanese. In this latter position he was indefatigable in his researches, and contributed largely to the antiquarian discoveries made in Herculaneum. He published many valuable works, and was a member of many learned societies, including the Royal Society of London. Daniele lost his posts upon the overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty in 1799, but Joseph Bonaparte gave him a pension in 1806. He died in 1812.—J. F. W.
DANIELL, John Frederic (1790-1845), late professor of chemistry in King's college, London, eminent as a chemist, electrician, and meteorologist, was the son of George Daniell, Esq., of West Humble, Surrey, a bencher of the middle temple. He received an excellent classical education under his father's roof; and evinced in boyhood a remarkable taste for natural and experimental philosophy. At an early age he was placed in the sugar refinery establishment of a relative, where he introduced some important improvements in the manufacture. His love of science induced him to attend the chemical lectures of his friend Professor Brande, and conjointly with him in the year 1816, he started the journal of the Royal Institution, afterwards known as the Quarterly Journal of Science and Art, in which his earlier researches were published. These embraced various points in chemistry and meteorology; among them was a description of the Dewpoint hygrometer, since so well known under his name. In 1823 he collected and published his various meteorological papers, under the title of "Meteorological Essays," which exerted a remarkable influence upon the study of meteorology. This treatise was the first attempt to seize meteorological phenomena in their most general point of view, and to reduce them as a whole to the well-known laws of physics. This had previously been done for detached portions of the subject; but Mr. Daniell was the first to deduce, from well-established premises, the laws of the earth's atmosphere. He determined, by deduction, the existence of two equal and opposite currents between the equator and the poles, both in the northern and southern hemispheres. He traced their influence on the barometer, and was enabled to explain the phenomena of the trade winds, and to assign a probable reason for the horary oscillations of the barometer. In 1824 he published an important paper "On Climate considered in its applications to Horticulture," in which he particularly insisted upon the necessity of maintaining a humid atmosphere in houses devoted to the growth of tropical plants, which completely altered the mode of treatment of these forms of vegetation; and to which Dr. Lindley says "we mainly owe our superiority to our predecessors" in this respect. Shortly before this he became managing director of the Continental Gas Company, and aided in making the arrangements by which many of the continental towns have since been lighted. His attention was thus necessarily turned to the manufacture of gas, and he contrived a process of obtaining it from rosin, which at one time was used to some extent in the preparation of portable gas. In 1827 he engaged warmly in the formation of the Society for promoting Useful Knowledge, and wrote and edited several of the books published under their auspices—amongst others the treatise on chemistry. On the foundation of King's college, London, in 1830, he was appointed professor of chemistry in that institution—a post which he retained until his decease. About this time he invented his register pyrometer, for ascertaining high temperatures—such as the heats of furnaces, the melting-points of metals, &c., an instrument which is still the best of its kind, and for which he received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society. In 1836 Mr. Daniell commenced those electrical researches which led him to discover the cause of the rapid decline in power of the batteries of Wollaston's construction, and which enabled him to contrive his sulphate of copper, or constant battery, an invention which rendered his name a household word with electricians, and gave a great impulse to the practical applications of voltaic electricity. For this invention he received the Copley medal of the Royal Society. Continuing his researches in this field, he in 1839, 1840, and 1844, published his investigations "On the Electrolysis of Secondary Compounds," which afforded powerful experimental support to the views of Davy on the composition of salts, and which have been advocated on other grounds by many eminent chemists. In 1839 also appeared his "Introduction to the Study of Chemical Philosophy," a wort presenting, in a succinct and connected form, a general view of the different varieties of molecular forces, which are here discussed in a manner both striking and original. He was soon afterwards appointed foreign secretary to the Royal Society, and received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford. His death occurred suddenly whilst attending a sitting of the council of the Royal Society. After making some remarks upon the water barometer, which he had constructed for the society, and the reboiling of which he had just superintended, he was seized with symptoms of apoplexy, which in a few minutes terminated his life. In person he was tall and large, and his frank and generous disposition was displayed in his whole mien and bearing. He went but little into society, and to appreciate fully the excellence of his character, he needed to be seen in the bosom of his own family. His manner was extremely modest and unassuming. His style of lecturing was sound, and his diction forcible and expressive, rather than easy or flowing. He possessed a rare union of great intellectual power, with large benevolence, and the unassuming graces of a christian. He was married in 1817 to Charlotte, daughter of the late Sir William Rule, surveyor of the navy, whom he survived several years.—W. A. M.
DANIELSON, Anders, a member of the Swedish diet, born at the Rytterholdsgaard Bräkäs, in Gingrid parish. West Göthland, on January 14, 1784. He received in his youth instruction in writing and arithmetic from the minister of the parish, and
