and to charge the guilt of his son's death solely upon Constantine; but the account which we have given above is best supported. Though the statements of historians are vague, and even contradictory, there seems reason to believe that Fausta was a woman of loose character.—J. B. J.
FAUSTINA (Annia Galeria), commonly called Faustina the Elder, was the wife of Antoninus Pius, the Roman emperor. She died in 141, about three years after her husband's elevation to the imperial throne. Her life was marked by most disgraceful profligacy; but after her death numerous medals were struck in commemoration of her. Her memory was also in other ways highly honoured.—J. B. J.
FAUSTINA the Younger, daughter of the preceding, was married in 146 to Marcus Aurelius, the Roman emperor, and died near Mount Taurus in 175, having accompanied her husband to Syria, when he visited the east with the view of quelling some disturbances which had arisen. Like her mother, she was notoriously profligate, and was, like her, posthumously exalted to great honours.—J. B. J.
FAUSTUS (the Manichæan) was born at Milevi in Numidia in the fourth century. He was a bishop among the African Manichæans, contemporary with Augustine, possessing great abilities and eloquence, and regarded as an oracle by his fellow sectaries. He wrote a book in defence of Manichæism, characterized by shrewdness and wit. It was answered by Augustine in his Thirty-three books adversus Faustum, written in 400, which contain pretty copious extracts from the work of Faustus.—S. D.
FAUSTUS of Rhegium (Regiensis or Rejensis), was born in Bretagne at the beginning of the fifth century. After residing in the monastery of Lerins for several years, where he was educated as a monk, and of which he was abbot for a time, he became bishop of Rhegium or Riez in Provence in 454 or 455. He is best known for the leading part he took in the semipelagian disputes of his day. When Lucidus avowed the doctrine of absolute predestination, Faustus endeavoured to induce him to recant; which he did before the synod of Arles in 475. Commissioned by this synod, and one held immediately after at Lyons, Faustus composed his two books—"De Gratia Dei et humanæ mentis libero arbitrio," the best defence of semipelagianism. In 481 he was banished for writing against the Arians, by Enrich, king of the West Goths, but returned in 484, and died at a very advanced age about 493.—S. D.
FAVART, Charles Simon, born at Paris in 1710; died in 1792. His father was a confectioner, and he continued the trade for a while. He found time to write verses, which obtained some distinction. In 1745 he married Mlle. M. J. Benoite Duronceray, an actress of great celebrity, who was born at Avignon in 1727. He now wrote vaudevilles, and became director of the opera-comique. The lady attracted the notice of the maréchal de Saxe, and her unexpected resistance to the general is recorded as a miracle of virtue. It was the time of the old régime; a lettre de cachet was without difficulty obtained, and the husband thrown into prison. The wife was sent from one convent to another, and treated as a prisoner of state. The lady at last sank fatigued. She had resisted heroically—
" Mais l'âme, la plus ferme, a ses jours de faiblesse,"
and another conquest was added to the general's triumphs. The maréchal did not long survive his victory, and Favart, now free, and his wife restored to him, they recommenced their dramatic career with new zeal. The abbé de Voisenon was now associated with them, but what the precise relations of the parties were to each other, and what the secret articles of the treaty were in this triple alliance, was never exactly known; the lady, who had resisted the old general so vigorously, was said to have been less resolute in the abbé's case. The abbé was also said to have aided Favart in some of his more successful pieces. Madame Favart seems to have been an admirable actress. The entertainments consisted often of some half-dozen different pieces, and she would appear in every one of them, personating most opposite characters. She introduced important improvements in costume. She was idolized by her husband. Her death occurred in 1772. Favart became blind for some time before his death, but continued to work at his comedies and vaudevilles to the last. His works are classed with those of Sedaine and Marmontel.—J. A., D.
FAVART, M. J. B. Duronceray. See Favart, C. S.
FAVEREAU, Jacques, born at Cognac in 1590; died in 1638. He was an avocat who had some character and success in his profession, although he cultivated the seemingly alien pursuits of poetry, painting, and music. He published a volume of epigrams, entitled "Mercurius Redivivus," and wrote some duty-verses called "La France Consolée," on the occasion of the marriage of Louis XIII. A satire on Richelieu, called "La Milliade," from the number of verses it contained, was generally ascribed to him; and it is said, that at the same time he published his satire in the vernacular for everybody to read, he wrote a panegyric on the cardinal in Latin for the learned.—J. A., D.
FAVIER, Jean Louis, a French publicist, was born at Toulouse about 1720, and died at Paris in 1784. After acting as secretary to the Sardinian embassy, he attached himself to M. d'Argenson, whose political opinions he advocated with his pen. He was afterwards sent by the duke de Choiseul on several secret missions to Spain and Russia. Some transactions he engaged in at the instigation of the count de Broglie forced him to quit his native country, but being arrested at Hamburg, he was brought back to France and imprisoned in the bastile. He was liberated in a few years, and received a pension on the accession of Louis XVI.—R. M., A.
FAVONIUS, M., a servile imitator of Cato Uticensis, hence called "Cato's Ape," first heard of in connection with the trial of Clodius, 61 b.c. He was a keen partisan of the optimates, opposing at every point the first triumvirate. In 53 b.c. he was ædile, and was prætor probably in 49 b.c. He sided with Pompey in the civil war, but after his death he was pardoned by Cæsar. After the assassination of Cæsar he joined the party of the conspirators and was outlawed along with them. He was taken prisoner at Philippi, and was put to death b.c. 42.—R. B.
FAVORINUS: this name seems to have been borne by a disciple of Aristotle; and also by a Roman orator who lived about a century before the christian era. But the Favorinus of the time of Adrian is better known than either of these. He was a native of Gaul, who removed in early life to study at some of the principal seats of Grecian and Roman learning, where he gained considerable fame as a philosopher. The friendship of Herodes Atticus and Plutarch, the rivalry of Polemon in Asia Minor, and the favour of the Emperor Adrian, subsequently forfeited in a literary dispute, which Favorinus carried so far as to give offence, attest the reputation which he acquired; but none of his numerous works are extant.—W. B.
FAVORINUS, Varinus. See Guarini.
FAVRE, Antoine (in Latin Faber), born at Bourg in Bresse in 1557; died at Chambery in 1624. He studied first at Paris, then at Turin, where at the age of twenty-two he took a doctor's degree in law. About this period he published his "Conjecturæ juris civilis," a work from which Cujas augured for its author a distinguished career. In 1581 he was appointed judge of the district of Bresse, and afterwards president of the council of the duchy of Genevois. Here he became intimate with Saint Francis de Sales, and, in conjunction with him, originated the Academy Florimontana. The academy had its arms, and its emblem, and its motto, in the fantastic taste of the time. The emblem was an orange-tree, and the motto "Flores fructusque perennes." The expected eternity proved to be about ten years. Favre was sent to France more than once on state occasions. He was present at the marriage of the prince of Piedmont with Christine of France. Louis XIII. offered him the presidency of the parliament of Toulouse, but he preferred returning to Savoy. Besides his work on the civil law he published poems.—J. A., D.
FAVRE, C. See Vaugelas.
* FAVRE, Jules Gabriel Claude, born at Lyons in 1809. He was a law student at Paris when the revolution of 1830 broke out, and took an active part in the struggle, having written a remarkable letter in the National, demanding the abolition of royalty. He first appeared as avocat in the cour royale of Paris, and then sought practice at the bar of Lyons. In 1831 he defended the mutualists at Lyons, and afterwards before the chamber of peers. In the revolution of 1848 he was named secretary of the minister of the interior, and the documents signed with Ledru Rollin's name were generally, although erroneously, attributed to him. In the Orsini affair he defended the accused, and with such power, that the procureur-général said, with reference to his speech—"En presence de l'echafaud qui se dresse on avait elevée une statue pour celui que doit y monter." M. Favre has published several pamphlets in connection with the political movements in which he was engaged.—J. A., D.
