was director of the Academy of Dijon, and afterwards a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. He commenced a republication of the "Bibliotheque historique de la France," but died soon after the publication of the first volume. The work was continued by Barbeau La Bruyère. Fevret formed a valuable library, and collected a large series of prints illustrative of French history, which are preserved in the imperial library.—J. A., D.
FEYDEAU, Matthieu, a celebrated French theologian, was born at Paris in 1616, and died in 1694. He became vicar of Belleville, Paris, in 1646, and of St. Merry a few years afterwards. It was while priest of the latter parish that he, in conjunction with some other ecclesiastics, established the conferences which played so important a part in the theological world of that day. Feydeau held the same doctrine in regard to grace as the Jansenists, who found in him a zealous defender. His "Catechisme de la Grace" (1650) was condemned by the inquisition at Rome, and six years afterwards Feydeau himself was one of the seventy-two doctors whom the Sorbonne expelled for refusing to subscribe to the condemnation of Arnauld. He was forced also to leave St. Merry, and, after several changes, died in exile at Annonay in the Vivarais.—R. M., A.
FEYJOO or FEIJOO, Benito, a learned Spanish monk, was born in 1676. At the age of fourteen he was destined for the church, and commenced his career by a course of study in theology, medicine, and physical science. In 1717 he entered a Benedictine convent at Oviedo, and devoted himself for forty-seven years to the enlightenment of his countrymen, through the press, in those branches of knowledge which had made such rapid strides everywhere but in Spain. He had mastered the labours of Galileo, Bacon, and Newton, of Leibnitz, Pascal, and Gassendi, and he had reflected deeply on the moral features of the age. He commenced in 1726 a series of essays, similar to those of the Spectator, entitled "Teatro Critico," in which he popularized the teaching of modern science, ridiculed the current notions about astronomy and magic, and sought to raise the social position of woman. In 1742 a second series of similar essays appeared, under the title of "Cartas Eruditas y Curiosas." This series was completed in 1760. His works were denounced to the inquisition, and many controversial replies were published, but with little effect. He died in 1764. "To him," says Clemencin, "is due a great part of the progress in civilization made in Spain in the eighteenth century."—F. M. W,
FIALHO, Manoel, a Portuguese historian, was born in 1659, and died in 1718. He was a member of the jesuit order from a very early age. His principal work, published in an abridged form after his death, is a history of his native city, under the title of "Evora Gloriosa," Rome, 1728.—F. M. W.
FIALHO FERREIRA, Antonio, a Portuguese traveller, was born at Macao in the seventeenth century. In 1633 he was intrusted with the command of a Spanish fleet for the relief of Manilla. In 1637, owing to some commotions at Macao, he went to Goa, then the chief seat of Portuguese power in Asia, and was sent by the viceroy Pedro da Silveira to Europe, to expound the grievances of Portuguese subjects in the East. He travelled overland, visiting Constantinople, Greece, Rome, and Madrid. On his arrival at Lisbon he found the kingdom separated from Spain, and the house of Braganza on the throne. He was sent back by John IV. to announce his accession in the East. From this time little more is known of his life. He published, Lisbon, 1643, an account of his voyage outwards, and it is said that a manuscript volume of his travels is in the royal library at Madrid.—F. M. W.
FIAMMINGO, Il (the Fleming), the name by which Denis Calvert is known in Italy. He was a native of Antwerp, but was settled at Bologna, and died there in 1619, aged about sixty-five. Calvert was the pupil of Fontana and of Sabatim; he accompanied the latter to Rome, and assisted him in some of his works there. He was completely Italian in his taste, though he painted generally small pictures, and often on copper; and he paid more attention to the landscape than is the custom generally with Italian painters. He enjoyed an immense popularity in Bologna, and had a larger school of art than had been established there since the days of Francia, a hundred years before; he is said to have taught one hundred and thirty-seven painters. Calvert's school was, however, completely superseded by that of the Carracci, established at the close of the sixteenth century; but many of their most distinguished scholars had studied with Il Fiammingo, as Domenichino, Guido, and Albani. His master-pieces are said to be a St. Michael in the church of San Petronio, and a Purgatory formerly in the Madonna delle Grazzie, but removed to Imola.—(Malvasia.)—R. N. W.
FIAMMINGO, Il (the Fleming), is the designation by which a celebrated Belgian sculptor, whose real name was François du Quesnoy, is best known. Born at Brussels in 1594, the son of a sculptor of some note, his superior ability early arrested attention, and he was employed to erect several statues for the public buildings of his native place—among others, one of Justice, for the chancelleries; and two angels for the church of the jesuits. He likewise executed some statues for the townhalls of Amsterdam and Hal in South Brabant. Having, in his twenty-sixth year, proceeded to Italy for the study of the great works of art, he was led to change his style and settle in that country. He now chiefly devoted himself to subjects of a bacchanalian and erotic class, and to works of a small size. His special delight was in the representation of young children engaged in sports, to which he was, it is said, led by admiration of the beauty of those introduced by Titian into his pictures. However that may be, Fiammingo soon excelled all his contemporaries in this particular branch of art; and his bas-reliefs of children at play (Cupidons, &c.) still remain quite unrivalled. Nothing, indeed, can exceed the infantile grace, delicacy, healthy, happy vivacity and infinite variety of these groups; their beauty of form, admirable arrangement, and refinement of execution. A large proportion of these compositions are carved in ivory, and probably Fiammingo was one of the most successful workers in that material of modern times. He also wrought in marble and bronze, and sometimes in wood. Among the most famous of his larger works are the "Susanna" in the church of La Madonna di Loretto at Rome, which, as well as the celebrated colossal statue of "St. Andrew" in St. Peter's, he executed for Pope Urban VIII.; the tomb of Gaspard de Vischer in the church del' Anima, and a large bas-relief in that of the Apostles, at Naples; a bronze group of "Apollo and Mercury," &c. His bassi-relievi of children are found in most of the great collections. The museum at South Kensington possesses a series of half a dozen exquisite little ivory tablets of children in Fiammingo's very best manner; and the private collections of this country are rich in this class of his works. Fiammingo died at Leghorn, July 12th, 1643, just as he was about to embark for Paris, whither he had been invited by Cardinal Richelieu in order to take the direction of a school of sculpture. The manner of his death was not known at the time; but some seven or eight years later, his younger brother, Jerome du Quesnoy, having been condemned at Ghent to be strangled, and his body burnt, confessed before his execution that he had poisoned his brother François.—Jerome du Quesnoy—born in 1612; burnt in 1654—was a sculptor of very considerable talent, but of extremely irregular life; and he appears to have committed the murder from revenge for his brother having turned him out of his house on account of his debauched habits.—(Bellori, Vite, &c.; Archives de L'Art Français, vol. iv.)—J. T—e.
* FIBIGER, Jacob Scavenius, Danish general of artillery, and military author, younger brother of J. H. Tauber Fibiger, was born at Snoghöi, 23rd January, 1793. In 1806 he entered as cadet the artillery-cadet institute, became officer of artillery in 1809, and in 1827 received his captaincy. In 1812 he took the post of teacher in the land-cadet corps, and afterwards in the artillery-cadet institute, and the military high school, which posts he held, with an interval of two years employed in travelling, till 1842. By his works, partly published in the journals of military science, and partly distinct, he has succeeded in elevating the artillery practice to a height which it had not hitherto attained. In the war of 1848 he commanded the artillery. In 1851 he became minister of war, which post, however, he soon after resigned, and became major-general, and in 1856 commander of the whole artillery forces.—M. H.
FIBIGER, Johan Adolph, Danish lieutenant-colonel and military author, born 13th May, 1791, at Snoghöi. He served some time in the navy, but entered the army in 1806. From that time till 1842 he occupied various posts in the military and naval colleges, when he retired with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Before retiring from these military duties, Fibiger furnished a great number of articles, some original, others translated, in the Military Journal, of which he was for many years co-editor, as well as in the Magazine of Military Science, and various other publications of the same class. He was co-editor
