regretted, but not blamed, since the facts of Bach's life, as well as the priceless fruits of his labours, were almost wholly unknown, until Forkel revealed so much of both as to interest lovers of music to seek for more, and draw from time to time fresh treasures of that mighty mind from the perfect obscurity in which a century had buried them.—G. A. M.
FORLENZE, Giuseppe Nicola Blasio, a celebrated Neapolitan surgeon, born at Picerno in 1751. He applied himself with particular attention to the study of ocular maladies, and became excellent in the cure of them. After having travelled in Sicily and Greece, he went to Paris, where he was appointed oculist surgeon at the Invalides in 1799. He highly distinguished himself in that capacity, and continued to reside in the French capital until his death in 1833, when he was eighty-four years old. He left but one work, "Considerations sur l'operation de la pupille artificielle."—A. S., O.
FORLI, Melozzo da, a distinguished Umbrian or Bolognese painter of the earlier school, was born at Forlì, June 8, 1438, and is said to have studied under Piero della Francesca, and also with Squarcione at Padua, with whom he may have been the fellow-scholar of Mantegna. Melozzo paid much attention to perspective and foreshortening. This taste he acquired most probably from Piero della Francesca, who was one of the first painters to apply practically this branch of science to art. Melozzo was the first to attempt the sotto in su paintings on ceilings, as illustrated in the cupolas of Correggio at Parma. In the "Ascension of Christ" in the church of the SS. Apostoli at Rome, painted In 1472, Melozzo completely anticipated the foreshortenings of Correggio. The chapel in which these frescoes were painted, has been rebuilt, but the fresco was removed in 1711 to a staircase in the Quirinal palace. In the Vatican gallery is his picture of Sixtus IV., installing Platina in 1475, as prefect of the Vatican library; it was transferred from the wall of the old library and transferred to canvas by Domenico Succi, for Leo XII. Melozzo's style, beyond the peculiarity of his foreshortenings, was in the ordinary dry manner of his period. He died at Forlì, November 8th, 1494, and was buried in the church of the Trinità. Girolamo Reggiani, a painter of Forlì, lately published an account of Melozzo, giving him the christian name of Marco, which belongs to his scholar Palmezzano, who occasionally signed himself Marcus de Melotius, a signature which occurs with a date posterior to the death of Melozzo.—(Alcune Memorie intorno il pittore Marco Melozzo da Forlì, Raccolte da G. R. P. Forlì, 1834.)—R. N. W.
FORMALEONI, Vincenzo, born at Firenzuola, near Piacenza on the 8th of November, 1752. He studied at first for the church, but having changed his mind, he devoted himself to the cultivation of poetry, history, and geography. He is the author of some tragedies, amongst which Tipaldo mentions "Catarina Cornaro," "Berengario," and "Anna Erizzo." His translation of La Harpe's History of Travels is particularly noticed, and many of his manuscripts are still inedited. Having offended some powerful Venetian lord, Formaleoni was compelled to fly to Paris, where having become acquainted with the intention of that government to take possession of the Venetian territory, he warned that republic of its danger; whereupon his correspondence having been seized, he escaped from the prison in which he had been placed, and came to Genoa. Soon after he became a state prisoner at Milan, then at Mantua, where he died on the 8th of January, 1797.—A. C. M.
FORMAN, Simon, a physician and astrologer, was born at Quidham, a village near Wilton, Wilts, in 1552. He was the tutor of Sir John Davis, remarkable, like himself, for his knowledge of chemistry and magic. He was educated at the grammar-school at Sarum, and when fourteen years old was apprenticed to a druggist in that city. According to the custom of the times, he travelled on foot to Oxford, and entered at Magdalene college; but he only staid two years in the university. Having visited the Low Countries, to improve himself in astrology and medicine, he began to practise as a physician in Philpot Lane, London; but not having a diploma, he was four times fined and imprisoned as a quack. He therefore found it necessary to take a doctor's degree at Cambridge; and subsequently settling at Lambeth, was consulted both as a physician and as an astrologer. In consequence of his pretensions to magic, he was brought before Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury, in 1601, as a dangerous impostor. Meanwhile he was consulted for his supposed powers by persons of all ranks, and among others by the notorious countess of Essex. He died suddenly in a boat on the Thames, September 12, 1611. Several of his manuscripts are to be found in the Ashmolean and British museums.—T. J.
FORMEY, Jean Henri Samuel, born at Berlin in 1711; died in 1797. The family were French protestants, who left their country at the revocation of the edict of Nantes. In 1736 he was appointed pastor of the French church at Berlin; in 1739 he became professor of philosophy at Berlin. His professional works were many, were praised, and are forgotten. He was an admirer of Wolf, and thought to render his views popular by making them the subjects of novels. Of these "La Belle Wolfienne" is most often mentioned. He published an immense number of memoirs, chiefly in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy, of which he was perpetual secretary.—J. A., D.
FORMEY, Jean Louis, son of the preceding, born at Berlin in 1766; died in 1823; studied at the university of Halle; became doctor of medicine in 1788, and thought to fix in Paris The Revolution changed this purpose—we find him in Switzerland, then in Austria, and again in Berlin. In 1796 he became physician-in-ordinary to Frederick William II. In 1798 we find him at Berlin, professor of medicine. He was a member of several scientific and literary academies, and published several professional works.—J. A., D.
FORMOSUS was chosen pope upon the death of Stephen V. in 891, being then bishop of Porto. This is the first instance of the translation of a bishop from another see to that of Rome. In 866 he had been sent as the legate of Nicholas I. on a mission to the Bulgarians, and had laboured zealously and successfully in their conversion. In 876 he was banished by John VIII. upon a frivolous charge, but was afterwards recalled and reinstated in his see by Martin II. When pope he made a firm stand against the schism of Photius, the celebrated patriarch of Constantinople. Many of his letters to various bishops are extant. He died in 896, and his successor, Stephen VI., caused his body to be disinterred, and the head to be thrown into the Tiber, on the ground that his election had been uncanonical. But his memory and fame were afterwards rehabilitated by John IX.—T. A.
FORNER, Juan Bautista Pablo, a Spanish author, born in 1756 at Mérida; died in 1797 at Seville. At the university of Salamanca he imbibed a taste for poetry, and in 1782 obtained a prize for an essay on the abuses which had crept into the modern style. For some years he wrote nothing but satirical pieces under various names; but, in 1785, a royal order was issued that he should publish nothing except by special permission, with a recommendation to devote himself to subjects more worthy of his power. He soon produced a "Discourse on the Method of Writing the History of Spain;" a quantity of note to Borrego's Universal History; "Philosophic discourses on Man;" and "An Apology for Spain and her Literary Deserts." Subsequently he wrote a "Preservative against Atheism." A republication of his works was commenced at Madrid in 1843, edited by Luis Villanueva, but we believe only one volume has appeared, which, however, contains a complete list of his works. In 1791 he was appointed to a magisterial office at Seville, and during the remainder of his life busied himself with many plans for the welfare of the city and the general improvement of taste.—F. M. W.
* FORREST, Edwin, American actor, was born at Philadelphia on the 9th March, 1806. When only in his twelfth year he appeared on the stage, making his début in female characters. From these he rose to the performance of young Norval; and, as time went on, gradually obtained considerable popularity in the United States. In 1834, emboldened by his transatlantic successes, he came to Europe, and was very favourably received in England—thanks, in a great measure, to the kindness of Mr. Macready. How he repaid his benefactor is but too well known. In 1837, being again in Europe, he married Miss Sinclair, the daughter of a vocalist, returning to America in the following year. After successfully fulfilling several American engagements, he once more visited England in 1844. In consequence of his arrogant manners Mr. Forrest soon became very unpopular in this country. In 1849 he was divorced from his wife. His charges against her were proved to be groundless, whilst her countercharges of infidelity were established to the satisfaction of a jury, who awarded her alimony to the extent of three thousand dollars per annum. In the same year Mr. Macready visited the United
