the French ambassador, Sebastiani, he fulfilled most successfully. His most memorable feats of arms were, however, in the peninsula, whither in 1808 he went, on returning from the East. Advanced soon after to the rank of brigadier-general, promotion began to keep pace with his services. After the terrible fight at Salamanca he assumed the command of the French army in the place of Marmont, and skilfully covered the retreat. In all the subsequent events of the war his prodigality and promptitude of resource, his ability, gallantry, and resolution, were conspicuous. From the battle-field of Orthez he was carried, with a wound which was thought to be mortal, and from which he was long in recovering. During the Hundred Days he lifted his sword, not for Bonaparte, but for what he deemed national independence. In the short campaign he commanded a division. A ball through the shoulder at Waterloo did not force him to retire, till he felt that all was lost. It seemed as if his active life were now closed, and he devoted his leisure to writing a history of the peninsular war. In 1819, however, he was elected a member of the chamber of deputies, where he at once took that foremost rank as an orator and as a champion of popular rights against the cruelties, the bigotries, and follies of Bourbonist reaction, which he maintained till his death. His pure name, his ardent patriotism, his unbending principles, his chivalrous character, gave tenfold force to his eloquence. But the toils and hardships of war from merest boyhood, and nearly a score of wounds had worn him prematurely out. On the 28th November, 1825, he died at Paris amid the regrets and lamentations of France. A hundred thousand citizens followed him, France's noblest citizen, to his grave. The presence of three little boys, the sons of the departed general, gave additional gloom and sadness to the funeral procession. When it was ascertained that Foy had left to his family little more than the splendour of his unspotted renown, a national subscription of a million francs was immediately raised. General Foy's speeches and his "History of the Peninsular War" were published after his death. The latter is a fragment; but it deserves attentive perusal even after the work of Napier.—W. M—l.
* FOYATIER, Denis, a distinguished French sculptor, born in 1793 at Beson, in the department of the Loire. The son of a poor weaver, he was sent into the fields to tend sheep, and whilst thus employed began to make rude models and carve in wood. A neighbouring proprietor seeing him thus engaged, employed him to carve some figures for a chapel he possessed. The notice these obtained led the boy to carve wooden saints and crucifixes, which found a ready sale among the villagers. Eventually he entered the academy of the fine arts at Lyons, where in 1816 he won the prize for sculpture. He then became a student of the Paris academy, and studied in the atelier of Lemot. In 1819 a statue of a "Young Faun," his first work exhibited at the salon, obtained a medal, and a commission for a statue of St. Mark for Arras cathedral. In 1822 he proceeded to Rome, where he remained some time. He first acquired fame by a statue of "Spartacus," of which the model was exhibited in 1822, the marble in 1827. It was purchased by Louis Philippe, and erected in the garden of the Tuileries a few day's only before the fall of that monarch. From that time Foyatier's career has been a busy and a prosperous one. Every year he has produced statues—classical, historical, or religious—as well as portrait statues and busts in bronze and marble. M. Foyatier was nominated chevalier of the legion of honour in 1841.—J. T—e.
FRA BARTOLOMEO DI SAN-MARCO. See Baccio
FRACANZANO, Francesco, a distinguished Neapolitan painter of the seventeenth century and scholar of Spagnoletto, and the brother-in-law and master of Salvator Rosa. He was a bold and vigorous painter and a good colourist. His "Death of St. Joseph," in the church of the Pellegrini at Naples, is considered one of the finest pictures in the city. Notwithstanding Fracanzano's ability, from some cause not explained he was without employment, and he, unfortunately for himself, joined Masaniello and his companions in 1647, in the insurrection against the Spanish government of Naples, involving apparently his brother-in-law, Salvator, in the same troubles. They joined the Compagnia della Morte (Band of Death), under Aniello Falcone, and were afterwards, through the intercession of powerful friends, saved with some difficulty. In spite of this warning, after the plague of 1656, Fracanzano again joined the disaffected, and attempted to carry out another insurrection against the Spaniards, on the failure of which he was thrown into prison, and in 1657 condemned to death. In consideration of his fame he was allowed to take poison, and so escape the disgrace of the gallows.—(Dominici, Pittori, &c., Napolitani.)—R. N. W.
FRACASTORO, Girolamo, a distinguished philosopher, was born at Verona in 1483. His father was his first instructor, and then he was sent to Padua, where he particularly devoted himself to the study of mathematics under the direction of Pomponacio. At nineteen years of age Fracastoro was elected professor of logic in that university, and soon after he occupied the same chair in the university of Pordenone, where he composed his poem, "De Syphilitide," which spread his reputation all through Italy; nor was he less skillful in the healing art, having been appointed physician to the council of Trent by Pope Paul III. in 1547. His favourite reading, during his leisure hours, was Plutarch and Polybius, nor was he a stranger to the science of music; and such was the esteem in which he was held by all the learned men of his time, that the celebrated Giulio Cesare Scaligero dedicated to him a poem entitled Aræ Fracastoreæ. His numerous works, all written in classic Latin, are enumerated at length by Moreri, who particularly eulogizes Fracastoro's "De Sympatia rerum liber unus," "Homocentricorum, sive de stellis liber unus," and a collection of poetical compositions in Latin on various subjects, printed in the collected edition of his writings in 1728. Fracastoro enjoyed the esteem and friendship of Pietro Bembo, then secretary to Leo X., to whom he dedicated some of his medical works; and Ramusio erected in the city of Verona, to the memory of his friend and collaborator Fracastoro, a large statue, on whose pedestal there is an inscription that records the death of this eminent scholar on the 8th of August, 1553.—A. C. M.
FRACHETTA, Girolamo, an Italian publisher, born at Rivoli towards 1560. He commenced his career as a valet to Cardinal d'Este, who, discovering in his servant some eminent qualities, raised him to the dignity of his private secretary. His protector being dead, Frachetta devoted himself to politics; and whilst at Rome, he was charged by the Spanish ambassador with many important missions. His principal works are—an analysis of Lucretius' writings; two orations in Italian; and his comments on a canzone of Guido Cavalcanti. Having been obliged to fly from the persecutions of his enemies at Rome, he went to Naples, where he died in 1620.—A. C. M.
FRA DIAVOLO, a famous brigand, and subsequently a chief of the Calabrian insurgents against the French during the Napoleonic wars in Italy. He was born of poor parents in Isri, and his original name was Michele Pezza. From an early age he showed a disposition to cruelty and wild adventure; he organized a band of marauders, and became the terror of the mountainous districts in southern Italy. When, however, at the time of the French invasion, the active exertions of Queen Caroline and of Cardinal Ruffo roused the national feeling of the masses against the invaders, Fra Diavolo, to whom pardon had been offered, abandoned his criminal career, and, as if awakened to a higher life, turned out an enthusiastic defender of his country. He converted his band of freebooters into a guerilla company, and proved the most efficient and gallant co-operator in the war. His native disposition, however, stimulated by his hatred of the French, often led him to acts of cruelty and revenge, which left a deep stain on his memory. When Napoleon accomplished the conquest of the mainland, Fra Diavolo emigrated to Sicily with the royal party, and continued to conspire and fight against the French government at Naples. On an unsuccessful expedition, however, which had been prepared in concert with the English commodore, Sydney Smith, the Calabrian chief was arrested, and soon after tried before a military tribunal at Naples and condemned to death. He was executed on the 10th of November, 1806, in the Piazza del Mercato, in the presence of an immense crowd of people, to whom he had long been a sort of legendary subject, exciting at the same time fear and admiration.—A. S., O.
FRA PAOLO. See Sarpi.
FRÆHN, Christian Martin Joachim, a celebrated German numismatist and oriental scholar, was born at Rostock June 4, 1782, and devoted himself to the study of Eastern languages in the universities of Tübingen and Heidelberg. In 1806 he settled as a lecturer in his native town, but soon after was appointed professor of oriental languages in the university of Kasan, whence, in 1815, he was called to St. Petersburg as
