"Opuscula duo; de Verborum et Rerum Copia; Summa Latinæ Syntaxeos;" and "Epigrammata in hæreticos." Frusius also prepared an expurgated edition of Martial, and translated into Latin the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius.—R. M., A.
FRY, Mrs. Elizabeth, deservedly distinguished among the benefactors of mankind, born in 1780, was the third daughter of John Gurney of Norwich, who after her birth removed to Earlham Hall, near that city. By her mother, Catherine Bell, she was descended from the ancient family of the Barclays of Ury in Kincardineshire, and was the great-granddaughter of Robert Barclay, the well-known apologist of the quakers. Educated in the habits of polite and fashionable life, she was exposed to the enticements of gaiety and pleasure, more especially after the decease of her mother in 1792; but, under the instrumentality of William Savory, an American minister in the Society of Friends, she became impressed with the supreme importance of religion; and with this change in her convictions she began those manifold labours of philanthropy in which her life was spent. On her marriage in 1800 with Joseph Fry, her residence became fixed in the neighbourhood of London, where, notwithstanding the cares which devolved upon her as the mother of a large family, she was ever on the watch for opportunities for relieving the destitute. As a minister of the gospel in the Society of Friends (by whom she was "acknowledged" in that character in the year 1811), she was beloved for a simple but touching eloquence, and for ardour in the cause of christian truth which never flagged. The year 1813 is rendered notable in the annals of philanthropy by her first visit to Newgate, where a few years later she commenced her memorable labours for the reformation of female prisoners. Under her influence, the Association for the Improvement of the Female Prisoners of Newgate was formed in the year 1817. The state of the female prisoners prior to the formation of this society, almost baffles description. Without employment, without discipline, a prey to the worst impulses, these poor outcasts from society appeared sunk to the lowest grade of vice and savage ferocity. Elizabeth Fry ventured among them alone; her gentle yet dignified demeanour, her kindly yet powerful admonitions, subdued their turbulence, and in the course of a few weeks, order, industry, and cleanliness took the place of disorder, idleness, and filth. This surprising change soon attracted attention both in and out of parliament, and in 1818 Elizabeth Fry was called upon to give evidence before a committee of the house of commons on the subject of prison discipline. Through her influence, arrangements similar to those adopted in Newgate were subsequently introduced into all the metropolitan gaols, and in conjunction with her brother Joseph John Gurney, she personally inspected the prisons, lunatic asylums, and other kindred institutions in the United Kingdom, and afterwards those in the most influential nations of Europe. In the prosecution of these labours she had frequent interviews with many of the reigning sovereigns of Europe. The enlightened and benevolent of her sex, both in her own and foreign lands, became her coadjutors, and welcomed her christian mission with cordial affection. A great change was effected in the construction of prisons, and in the treatment of their inmates; and through her instrumentality important improvements were also adopted in the transportation and treatment of convicts. The energies of this remarkable woman were devoted to a great variety of other objects, equally philanthropic. She pleaded unweariedly, and with the happiest results, for the persecuted, the ignorant, and the wretched of every class, and has left behind her a monument of grateful remembrance in the hearts of thousands. She died in 1845. Her life, written by two of her daughters, has been published in two vols. 8vo.—S. F.
FRYTH. See Frith.
* FRYXEL, Anders, a popular Swedish historian, born in 1795 in Dalsland. In 1813 he became student, and in 1821 received his degree of magister philosophiæ at the university of Upsala, and afterwards became priest. In the meantime, occupying a post in an educational institution at Stockholm, he commenced, for his use as teacher, his "Berättelser ur Svenska Historien" (Narratives from the History of Sweden), which have been published in twenty-eight parts, from 1823 to 1859, together with various other works connected with education. In 1828 he became rector of the Mariæ high school in Stockholm, and in 1833 was made professor. During the years 1834-35 he travelled in Denmark, Prussia, Poland, Austria, Belgium, and Holland, for the purposes of historical research. The collections which he made on this journey, especially amongst the archives of Copenhagen and Vienna, were published on his return, under the title of "Handlingar rörande Sveriges Historia," 1836-43, in 4 vols. His principal work, "Berättelser," written with great care and accuracy and in a picturesque and lively style, has rendered Fryxel the most popular historian of his country, whilst it is translated into most of the European languages. It is to be regretted that the first two volumes only of this interesting and valuable history have been translated into English, published by Bentley about 1843. Another work of Fryxel's, "Om Aristokratfördömnandet i svenska Historien," published 1845-50, in 4 vols., principally directed against Geijer, gave rise to considerable controversy. Fryxel is a member of the Swedish Academy and doctor of theology, and also a poet, but of secondary reputation. Since 1835 he has been parish priest of Sunne in the diocese of Carlstad.—M. H.
* FUAD MEHMED PASHA, a Turkish statesman and author, born at Constantinople in 1814, was liberally educated by his father, Izzet Effendi Kitchegizadey, commonly known by the name of Izzet Mollah, who was one of the most distinguished ulemas (doctors of philosophy and laws), and enjoyed great reputation as a poet. Izzet Mollah having fallen into disgrace with the Sultan Mahmoud, and the estates of the family having been confiscated, Fuad Mehmed was obliged to make choice of a profession. He fixed upon that of medicine, and studied four years at the medical school of Galata Serai. In 1834 he was appointed physician to the admiralty, but shortly after abandoned the practice of medicine and entered the civil service of the Porte. In 1840 he was appointed secretary to the Turkish embassy in London, whence he returned to Constantinople to fill the post of second interpreter to the government, and subsequently that of director of the translation office. Shortly afterwards he was despatched to Spain to compliment the queen on her coronation; and on this occasion, as well as on that of the accession of Doña Maria, the Turkish envoy, speaking French perfectly, astonished and delighted the court of Madrid by his wit, gallantly, and accomplishments. In 1845, after the publication of a poem on the Alhambra, the fruit of his mission to Spain, he was appointed chief interpreter to the Porte. Named grand-referendary of the imperial divan in 1848, he was sent, with the title of commissary-general, to quiet the insurrectionary principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1850 he was despatched to the court of Russia on an important mission, and in 1853 to Egypt. On his return from the former, he was appointed to a high post under the grand vizier, and in 1852 was named minister of foreign affairs under Aali Pasha. This office he resigned in 1853, but resumed it in 1855, after having, as commissioner of the Porte at the head-quarters of Omer Pasha, then at Epirus, succeeded in quelling the insurrection of the Greeks. In 1857 he became president of the council of Tanzimat; and in January, 1858, minister for foreign affairs. In this latter capacity he represented the sultan at the conference of Paris in 1858, for the definite organization of Wallachia and Moldavia. In 1860 he was sent as high commissioner to Syria, to pacify the country disturbed by the Druses and Maronites, two tribes of Lebanon, and the measures taken by him to quell their discord were generally approved by the European powers. By the present Sultan, Abdul Aziz, he was reappointed minister for foreign affairs. Besides the poem above noticed, and some political pamphlets, Fuad Mehmed Pasha has published a Turkish grammar, which is held in great esteem among his countrymen.—C. M.
FUCHS, Johann Joseph (Latinized Fux), a musician, was born in Upper Styria in 1660. The time and place of his death are uncertain. Few men have risen to the importance in any art which this famous composer and theorist attained, of whose biography such scanty particulars have been preserved, as those which alone can be discovered of the life of Fuchs. This may be in some sort accounted for, in respect of his early career, by his refusal to furnish Matthison with any data for a memoir for insertion in the Ehrenpforte, though twice applied to on the subject by the careful author of this interesting work; but there being no record of the last years of a man so distinguished as he was is an inexplicable deficiency. The first fact known of him is, that in 1695 he held the office of chief kapell-meister to the Emperor Leopold at Vienna. He retained this post under the two succeeding sovereigns, Joseph I. and Charles VI., filling it for at least forty years; and his appointment was rendered the more honourable by the three princes, under whom he held it,
