first campaign in Portugal under the duke of Alva, and afterwards in the campaign of the Netherlands, distinguishing himself at the siege of Ostend. He is said to have been implicated in the conspiracy of Biron against Henry IV. He was afterwards governor of Milan, but incurred considerable odium by constructing on the heights of a rock where the Adda runs into the lake of Como, a fortress known as Fort de Fuentes. In 1635, at the age of seventy-five, he commanded the infantry in the war against France. After the death of Richelieu he was about to invest Rocroi, but was attacked by Condé, who destroyed nearly the whole of the Spanish cavalry, 19th May, 1643. Fuentes himself was among the slain. He was a diplomatist as well as soldier.—F. M. W.
* FUERST, Dr. Julius, a distinguished German Hebraist, professor of Aramaic, Talmudic, and Rabbinic philology and literature in the university of Leipsic, and the founder of a new school of Hebrew grammar and lexicography, called the historico-analytic school. In 1835 he published his "Systema Linguæ Aramaicæ," in which he first unfolded the principles which are characteristic of his grammatical method; while, what is peculiar in his lexicographical views and results, is fully exhibited in his "Concordantiæ Veteris Testamenti," published in 1840; and in his "Hebräisches und Chaldäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament." Fürst has found an able and enthusiastic supporter of his system in Professor Delitzsch of Erlangen, who published an exposition of it in 1838, in his "Isagoge in Grammaticam et Lexicographiam Linguæ Hebraicæ, contra G. Gesenium, et H. Ewaldum." The chief difference between his system and those of Gesenius and Ewald is, that he makes much more use than they do of the testimony of Jewish tradition, as a source of elucidation; and the main claim put forth for it by Delitzsch is that, avoiding all partiality and one-sidedness, it makes use of all the available sources of knowledge, and employs them all in just proportion to their relative degrees of importance and value.—P. L.
FUERST, Walter, one of the founders of the Swiss republic, a native of Attinghausen, in the canton of Uri, was born about the middle of the thirteenth century. In 1307 he united with Werner Stauffacher of Steinen, and Arnold Melchthal of Unterwalden, in a plan for the liberation of his country from the Austrian rule; and a political conspiracy on a large scale having been organized, it was resolved to attack the chief castle of the counts of Hapsburg on the new year's night of 1308. The plan succeeded above expectation; and William Tell having shortly before killed the Austrian governor, the mountaineers solemnly asserted their independence; thus proving the nucleus of the present Helvetian confederation. Walter Fürst is believed to have died about 1317.—F. M.
FUERSTENBERG, Family of: formerly a sovereign, but at present a dependent, or "mediatized," princely house of Germany. The family traces its origin to a count of Urach, who flourished in the twelfth century, possessing the counties of Freiburg and Fürstenberg. Later the house split into various branches, which, however, were reunited in the middle of the sixteenth century, in the person of Frederick III. of Fürstenberg. The sons of this Frederick, Christopher and Joachim, founded, the former the Kinzing, and the latter the Heiligenberg branch, both of which, with subdivisions, are still extant. The most notable men of the family are—Egon of Fürstenberg, born in 1588, who was educated for the church, but became a soldier in the army of the Roman catholic league, and rose ultimately to the command of the military division of the province of Swabia, in which post he died in 1635. Wilhelm Egon of Fürstenberg, born in 1629, privy councillor of the Elector Maximilian Henry of Cologne, was generally believed to have acted as a spy in the French interest, and this aroused public indignation to such a degree, that for his own safety he had to be imprisoned, and he would have been beheaded but for the interference of France. He died a cardinal in 1704.—Anton Egon of Fürstenberg, born in 1645, became a favourite of Elector Augustus (the Strong) of Saxony, and when the latter obtained the crown of Poland was nominated governor-general of that country. As such he ruled with great severity, extorting numberless imposts of his own invention. He died at the castle of Hubertsburg in 1716.—The family of Fürstenberg is at present divided into four branches, two of which, settled respectively in Swabia and Bohemia, carry the title of Prince; and two others, residing in Austria and Moravia, that of Landgrave. The present head of the house is Prince Karl Egon of Fürstenberg, born March 4, 1820, residing at Donau-Eschingen, and possessing a territory of about thirty-eight square miles, with ninety thousand inhabitants, under the suzerainty of Baden and Wurtemberg.—F. M.
FUESSLY, Johann Rudolph, a Swiss miniature painter, born at Zurich in 1709. He was educated in Paris, but afterwards gave up painting, and devoted thirty years to the compilation of a general dictionary of artists, published at Zurich a second time, in one volume folio, 1779—"Allgemeines Künstler Lexicon." As far as it goes, it is a very conscientious and meritorious work; his accounts are short, but he quotes his authorities on all occasions, his facts being compiled by himself from original sources, not borrowed or stolen from the compilations of others. The book has gone through three editions; it was extended in supplements by his son, Heinrich Fuessly, born in 1745, to four volumes folio; and this was the foundation of Dr. Nagler's very voluminous dictionary in twenty-two volumes octavo. This larger edition of Fuessly is still scarce and expensive; it was published in parts at Zurich between 1806 and 1824. The elder Fuessly died in 1793; the son in 1832. Johann Caspar Fuessly, of the same family, a portrait-painter, was also distinguished for his literary labours. He was the author of several works, the principal of which is his account of the best artists of Switzerland— "Geschichte der besten Künstler in der Schweitz," with portraits, 5 vols. 8vo, 1759-79. He died in 1781 in his seventy-fifth year.— (Fiorillo, Geschichte der Zeichnenden Künste, &c.)—R. N. W.
FUGA, Ferdinando, an Italian architect, was born at Florence in 1699. Whilst still a child he was placed under an architect, and in due course he completed his education by studying the chief ancient and recent works in Rome, Naples, and other Italian cities. Having already acquired some distinction, he was soon after the election of Clement XII. appointed pontifical architect, an office which he retained during the early years of the pontificate of Benedict XIV. Besides the restoration and enlargement of various old buildings, Ferdinando Fuga erected several new ones, which are still regarded as among the notabilities of Rome. Of these we may mention the palaces of the Corsini, the Consulta on Monte Cavallo (once regarded as his chief work—now converted into a barrack), and the façade of Santa Maria Maggiore. About 1750 he accepted the appointment of principal architect to the king of Naples. He lived till 1780, preserving almost till the last the use of his faculties and his remarkable industry. Fuga is an excellent representative of the best class of eighteenth century Italian architects. His buildings are essentially imitative, but there is about them a certain sober dignity and propriety, and they are designed with studious reference to the purposes they were intended to fulfil.—J. T—e.
FUGGER, Family of: one of the most remarkable lines of merchant-princes of the middle ages, the descendants of which still take rank among the higher nobility of Germany. The ancestor of the house was one Johann Fugger, a weaver by trade, who exercised his craft at Graben, near Augsburg, and amassed a small fortune in the course of a long and industrious life. His eldest son, Johannes, acquired, through marriage with a bourgeoise heiress, the citizenship of the then important town of Augsburg, and beginning in 1370 a commerce in linen and drapery, soon accumulated considerable wealth. His influence was proportionate to his fortune, so that towards the end of his life he was elected a member of the civic senate. More influential still was the son of this Johannes, Andreas Fugger, commonly called "the rich Fugger," who made it his business to lend money on usurious interest; and, ambitious no less than greedy, procured himself a title of nobility, and married a noble damsel, named Barbara vom Ast. But the family thus founded soon died out, its wealth falling to a second son of Johannes Fugger, Jacob, who, together with his sons, had stuck to the linen trade, spreading it through numerous agencies over the whole of Europe. The three sons of Jacob, Ulrich, Georg, and Jacob, had their own ships in the Mediterranean and the North Sea; and all of them marrying daughters of ancient houses, they had titles of nobility conferred upon them by the Emperor Maximilian. The same emperor, being in want of money to prosecute his war with Venice, borrowed 170,000 ducats from the brothers, and as security pledged them the town and territory of Kirchberg and the domain of Weissenhorn. The ducats were soon spent, but the lands never got out of pawn,
