actress in high comedy. She retired from the stage in 1763, four years after her marriage with a dancer at the opera, whose ill-treatment helped to shorten her days.—W. J. P.
GAUTHEY, Emiland-Marie, a French engineer of great skill, was born at Chalons-sur-Saône on the 3d of December, 1732, and died in the south of France on the 14th of July, 1806. The greatest engineering work which he executed was the Canal du Centre, in Burgundy; and the most important of his writings was a treatise edited by Navier after his death, entitled "Traité complet sur la Construction des ponts et des canaux navigables." It was first published in three volumes 4to, in 1809; a second edition appeared in 1833.—W. J. M. R.
GAUTHIER, surnamed Sans Avoir, a Norman knight, was the military coadjutor of the Hermit in the organization of the first crusade. He crossed the Rhine in 1096 at the head of several thousand of the neediest and most desperate adventurers whom the preaching of Peter had brought together, and following the course of the Danube, fought his way to the rendezvous of the pilgrims in the territories of the Greek emperor. He was well received by Alexis Comnenus, and on the arrival of Peter with his motley multitude, commenced operations against the Turks. His career, however, was destined to be short. He was drawn into an ambuscade by the sultan of Iconium, and perished with a great number of his troops in 1097.—J. S., G.
GAUTHIER, François—the Abbé Gaultier of our English histories—was chaplain to the French ambassador in London towards the beginning of the eighteenth century, and afterwards ministered in the private chapel of the imperial envoy, count de Gallas. The tory ministry of Queen Anne employed him as one of their emissaries in the secret negotiations with Louis XIV., which led to the peace of Utrecht. His services were rewarded in France with the abbacies of Olivet and Savigny, to which were added pensions and presents from the English and Spanish governments. He died 13th June, 1720.—W. B.
GAUTHIER D'AGOTY, the name of a family of French engravers and naturalists, memorable mainly as among the earliest to practise and improve the art of printing engravings in colours. Jacques Gauthier D'Agoty, the head of the line, was born at Marseilles near the beginning of the eighteenth century. Of his early life nothing is known; but he seems to have studied the natural sciences, and especially anatomy. His first publication was an "Essai d'Anatomie," 20 plates fol., Paris, 1745, which was republished the following year, with a new title. In 1746 appeared a series of eight folio plates of the anatomy of the head, and the origins of the nerves, engraved by him and printed in colours. This was followed by an account of his process, "Lettre concernant le nouvel art d'imprimer les tableaux avec quatre couleurs," 12mo, Paris, 1749. The four colours were black, blue, yellow, and red. Gauthier D'Agoty's success with his new art, as he calls it, was very imperfect. He was but an indifferent designer, and in engraving little more than an amateur; while he made but small progress in overcoming the mechanical difficulties which beset the infancy of the art, and which have indeed scarcely been wholly overcome yet. He was, however, far from being himself dissatisfied with his results, and he continued during the rest of his life to publish coloured plates of anatomical and botanical subjects, though insufficient public appreciation caused him to bring more than one series to an abrupt termination. But, besides preparing his coloured engravings, he found time to write a "Nouveau Système de l'Univers," 12mo, Paris, 1750, in which he undertook to refute Newton's theory of gravitation; and a "Chromagenésie, ou génération des couleurs," 12mo, Paris, 1751, in which he sought to demolish that philosopher's Optics; and, failing to convince the disciples of the great Englishman, he followed up these tractates by a "Réfutation de la défense des Newtoniens," 12mo, Paris, 1752. He died at Paris in 1785. Besides the works we have named, and others to which we have referred, he published "Observations sur la Physique, l'Histoire naturelle, et la Peinture," 6 vols. 4to, Paris, 1752-55, a work which at least testifies to his industry and the wide range of his studies; and he established a Journal de Physique. Three of the sons of Jacques Gauthier D'Agoty occupied themselves in the pursuit that has preserved the name of the father.—Arnaud-Éloi, the eldest, engraved several quarto plates, which were printed "en couleurs naturelles," illustrative of a work entitled "Observations périodiques sur l'Histoire naturelle, la Physique et les Arts," Paris, 1771, but died before the completion of the work, the remaining plates being printed in the usual way. Arnaud-Eloi succeeded to the undertaking of his father, many of whose prints he republished.—Jean-Baptiste Gauthier D'Agoty, a younger son, also engraved plates for printing by the same process, but applied chiefly to portraiture. This application of the process found, however, few admirers, and a gallery of portraits of celebrated Frenchwomen, was abandoned on the issue of the second part, while of the "French Monarchy," only a single livraison appeared. Jean-Baptiste died in 1786.—Jean-Fabien Gauthier D'Agoty, born in 1730, fifth son of Jacques, also engraved and printed in colours anatomical and natural-history plates, besides portraits.—His son Edouard possessed more talent as an engraver than any other member of the family. He studied with a view to improve the colour-printing art of his family, and is said to have invented some promising modifications; but he died young at Milan in 1786.—J. T—e.
* GAUTIER, Theophile, born at Tarbes in 1808; educated at the collége Charlemagne. He first came before the public as a painter, was discouraged by the reception of his works, then gave himself to literature, published a poem in 1830, but it was not possible in that year to get any one in Paris to think of poetry. A volume of poems printed in 1832 had more success, and some papers of his on the poets of the period of Louis XIII., printed in La France Litteraire, attracted great attention. They have been separately published under the title of "Les Grotesques." He has published several poems and romances, and interesting narratives of travels in Spain, Italy, and the East.—J. A., D.
GAUTIER. See Gaultier and Gauthier.
GAUTIERI, Giuseppe, an Italian naturalist and physician of some reputation, born at Novara in 1769. He travelled many years in Hungary and Germany, making scientific observations on the animals and minerals of the different regions he visited, and on the local peculiarities of certain maladies, particularly the cretinism of Tyrol, Carinthia, and Styria. He has left interesting accounts of his studies in his numerous works. On his return to Italy in 1808, he made himself useful both as a physician and as a magistrate, and was much esteemed and respected. He died in 1833.—A. S., O.
GAVARNI, the pseudonym of Paul-Sulpice, Chevalier, the most popular of French caricaturists. He was born at Paris in 1801 of poor parents, and brought up as a mechanic; but followed his own inclination by studying after his working hours in the free school of design. When he began to use his pencil as a means of subsistence, it was in making drawings for pattern-books, fashions, &c. His first adventure in the field in which he subsequently acquired such remarkable popularity, was in 1835 in a journal called Les Gens du Monde. His designs at once attracted attention; and he commenced several series of lithographic sketches, first separately and afterwards in the Charivari, of the questionable classes and scenes of Parisian life, under the titles of Les Actrices, Lorettes, Gens du Monde, Les Coulisses, et Visages Masques, Les Fourberies de Femmes, &c. The rare vivacity, shrewdness, and power of presenting the ridiculous side of the loose life of the capital displayed in these piquant sketches, combined with intimate knowledge of Parisian nature and singular facility of hand, secured for the artist an amount of appreciation such as seldom falls to the lot of the caricaturist. Gavarni's pencil was wonderfully prolific, and his resources were as remarkable as his fertility. Besides the sketches of Parisian character and manners, he illustrated many works, as Sue's Wandering Jew, Balzac's Œuvres, Le Diable à Paris, &c., and with full satisfaction to the public, to whom they were addressed. His only conspicuous failure was in the case of the grim and ghastly exaggerations of English low life, which he produced as the result of a visit made to England in 1849. Gavarni's sketches have been collected and published in six volumes—four in 1845, under the title of "Œuvres choisés de Gavarni," with text by Jules Janin and others; and two more in 1850, entitled "Perles et Parures." Latterly Gavarni returned to his mechanical pursuits, occupying himself deeply in solving, the problem of rendering balloons navigable He died in November, 1866.—J. T—e.
* GAVARRET, Louis Denis Jules, a distinguished French physician, and author of an admirable treatise on electricity, was born in 1809, entered the polytechnic school in 1829, and served for some time as an officer of artillery; but resigning his commission in 1833, he devoted himself entirely to medical and scientific pursuits. In 1843 he was made doctor of medicine, and appointed at the same time professor of medical physics to the
