for some years, until a variety of circumstances induced his decline. He engaged in a conflict with Valla, who defended Quintilian against George's attacks. So high did the quarrel rage, and so personal did it become, that George was obliged, in 1450, to give up his public teaching. The influence of Gaza, too, contributed to his loss of influence. Gaza had published a translation of the Problems of Aristotle, which was thought to be superior to that which George had made; and he was consequently neglected, for his more powerful rival. He was accused, also, of being so anxious to receive payment for what he did, that he did it very carelessly, so much so that entire pages were omitted or slurred over; and in a translation from Eusebius, it is declared to be very difficult to discover anything of the original remaining; whilst the whole of one book is omitted. In another translation, from Cyril, there are numberless interpolations, transpositions, and errors of every kind. From these and other causes George lost the favour of the pope, and was obliged to return to Naples. He was afterwards, however, reconciled, and returned to Rome in 1453. In 1465 he visited Crete; and on his return to Rome was very nearly shipwrecked. In his danger he made a vow to a saint, that if he should be spared, he would commemorate in Latin his patron's martyrdom. He was saved; and fulfilled his promise by the treatise, "Acta beati Andreæ Chii," which has been reprinted in the Acta Sanctorum. In his old age George lost the use of his intellect, and was reduced to great distress. According to some his idiocy was occasioned by illness while others ascribe it to the mortification he felt at receiving so little reward for his literary labours. The latter account is not improbable, for we know that he was a man of ungovernable temper, and one who would be likely to feel very keenly any disappointment. It is said of him, that he once was so indignant at the pitiful sum he received from the pope in return for something he had done, that he threw the money into the Tiber, saying, "My labours have perished; let the thankless recompense of them perish too." He died in Rome, at the age of ninety, in the year 1486. He was irritable and violent in his behaviour; and on one occasion he boxed his antagonist's ears in the presence of the pope's other secretaries. His works are very numerous; but none of them are now of any repute. His "Rhetoric and Dialectics" have been very frequently reprinted; and his translations from Eusebius and Cyril, already mentioned, have gone through several editions, although they are almost worthless as faithful renderings of the originals.—W. H. W.
GEORGE. See Acropolita.
GEORGE. See Cedrenus.
GEORGE. See Chrysococces.
GEORGE. See Codinus.
GEORGE. See Maniaces.
GEORGE CADOUDAL. See Cadoudal.
GEORGE SCHOLARIUS. See Gennadius.
GEORGET, Jean Etienne, a French physician, was born at Vernon, near Tours, in 1795, and died at Paris in 1828. After a remarkably brilliant academical career, he received his doctor's degree in 1819. Attached for some time to the department allotted to insane females at the Salpétrière, he had his attention principally directed to diseases of the mind. The results of his studies in this direction were given to the world in 1820 in his "Théorie de la Folie." Within a year afterwards appeared his "Physiologie du Système nerveux et particulièrement du Cerveau." Other works on the same subject were afterwards published by him at short intervals. He contributed to the Dictionnaire de Médecine, and edited the Archives Générales de Médecine from 1823 till his death.—R. M., A.
* GEPPERT, Karl Eduard, a learned German, born at Stettin, May 29th, 1811. His father was able, after the usual elementary training in his native town, to afford him the advantage of the higher educational courses given in philosophy and philology at Breslau, Leipsic, and Berlin. These Geppert turned to the best account, applying himself especially to the investigation of the metres of the Greeks and Romans. The fruits of his study appeared in his work, "De Versu Glyconeo," published at Berlin in 1833, which exhibits great industry and learning, and is remarkable for the originality of its views. This subject he followed up by various other publications, in which he discusses the poetry of the Greek and Latin dramatists, as well as of Homer, on the origin of whose poems he also published a monograph in 1840. Geppert is also well skilled in music, which he learned from Löwe, an able composer then settled at Stettin. In addition, he is a good theatrical critic, and revived the representation of the ancient Greek drama, organizing the corps in which he played successfully himself. His works are numerous, embracing history, criticism, and philology.—J. F. W.
GERALDINI, Alessandro, first bishop of Hispaniola, a Neapolitan by birth, but early attached to the household of Isabella of Arragon; born in 1455. He accompanied his brother to France, and remained there until 1488, when he returned to Spain, took orders, and was appointed preceptor to the princesses. He was sent to England to attempt the reconciliation of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Arragon, which he failed to accomplish. He was one of the first to appreciate the plans of Columbus, and his influence with Ferdinand and Isabella is said to have had great weight in inducing them to fit out the expedition. In 1520 he was appointed the first bishop of Hispaniola, and laboured for five years, until his death, in his diocese. He has left a narrative of his voyage, dedicated to Clement VI.; a life of Catherine of Arragon; some sermons, letters, and theological treatises.—F. M. W.
GERANDO, M. J. See Degerando.
GERARD, Alexander, an esteemed divine of the Church of Scotland, was born at Chapel-Garioch in Aberdeenshire, of which his father, Gilbert Gerard, was parish minister, February 22, 1728, and was educated at the parish school of Foveran and Marischal college, Aberdeen. In 1748 he was licensed to preach, and in 1750 was chosen assistant to Mr. David Fordyce, professor of philosophy in that college, whom he succeeded in the chair in 1752. In 1759 he was ordained to a pastoral charge, and in the following year was appointed professor of divinity in Marischal college, in both of which offices he continued till 1771, when he was removed to a similar professorship in King's college, on which occasion he resigned his pastoral charge. In this chair he continued till his death, which happened on his birthday, February 22, 1795. He was for several years in early life a member of a literary society in Aberdeen, which enrolled among its members many men who afterwards rose to high distinction, including Drs. Reid, Blackwell, Gregory, Campbell, and Beattie—and from the discussions and essays of which several of their most famous works took their rise. Among these were Gerard's two essays on "Taste" and on "Genius," the former of which was first published in 1759, and obtained for him the distinction of a gold medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The work was afterwards enlarged and republished in 1780. His other works were "Dissertations on the Genius and Evidences of Christianity," published in 1766; two volumes of sermons; and a posthumous volume on "The Pastoral Care," edited by his son, Dr. Gilbert Gerard.—P. L.
GERARD, Alexander P., brother of Dr. James Gilbert Gerard, and his companion in his scientific travels in India, was born at Aberdeen about 1795, and died there, December 15, 1839. He entered the military service of the East India Company in his sixteenth year, and was employed in surveying Malacca, and the frontiers of Chinese Tartary. Engaged under Captain Herbert in exploring the course of the Sutlej among the Himalaya mountains, he measured a great number of the peaks of that stupendous range, and was indefatigable in collecting specimens of plants and animals. The account of this extensive survey was compiled by Gerard at the fort of Sabbathou, where he spent two years. He was raised to the rank of captain, and for twenty years afterwards was employed on the most important of the Company's scientific missions. Unfortunately, after his return to Scotland, the state of his health did not permit him to give to the world the results of his arduous and extensive researches. Mr. George Lloyd edited in 1840 a work entitled "A Narrative of a Journey made by Sir William Lloyd, and Captain Gerard's account of an attempt to penetrate by Bukhur to Gorroo and the lake Manasarouara."—J. S., G.
GERARD, Balthazar, born in 1558 at Vuillafans in Franche-Comté, of humble parentage but well educated, obtained his place in European history by the assassination of the prince of Orange. Excited by the rewards which Philip II. of Spain had offered for the destruction of his energetic rival in the Low Countries, and by a bigoted attachment to the Roman catholic religion, he cherished the design for six or seven years; and though it was communicated to several French jesuits, and also to the secretary of the prince of Parma, their influence only confirmed the criminal purpose. Assuming a false name, and professing himself a protestant refugee, Gerard obtained from his intended victim an appointment in the train of the embassy
