land fully confirmed in his attachment to the reformed faith. The Marian persecution was then raging; but Tunstall, who was inclined to moderate courses, conferred on him the archdeaconry of Durham, to which the rectory of Easington was attached. His zeal in exposing and rebuking the misconduct and errors of the clergy, not only long troubled the moderate bishop, but soon stirred up hatred and opposition against him in the diocese. Tunstall's management and partiality availed to rescue him from the malice of his enemies; but he found his situation so onerous and irksome that he resigned his preferment, and continued to live with the bishop as his chaplain. After some time he became rector of Houghton-le-Spring, a parish where the people were in a state not much above that of barbarians. Here he set himself earnestly to promote the best interests of those intrusted to his charge; but his labours were constantly interrupted by his enemies, who thirsted for his blood. Finding they could not bring Tunstall to their purposes, they managed to get Gilpin accused before Bonner. He left home, expecting and prepared to suffer martyrdom; but being detained by the way (it is said by some in consequence of the breaking of his leg), before he was able to travel Mary was dead, and the power of Bonner at an end. He returned forthwith to Houghton, and such already was the hold he had taken of the hearts of the people, that he passed to his house through crowds who had come to express their joy at his escape. One of Elizabeth's first acts was to nominate Gilpin to the see of Carlisle; but no persuasions could induce him to accept this honour. Henceforward he resided at his rectory, constantly occupied in promoting the mental, social, and religious improvement of his parishioners. Besides exercising a wide hospitality and dispensing a large beneficence, he, out of his own private means, founded and endowed a grammar-school, which soon became a very flourishing institution, and from which some eminent scholars proceeded. Nor were his labours confined to his own parish; he was wont every year to travel though parts of Northumberland, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, visiting the most neglected parishes and preaching the gospel to the people. Among other parts which he regularly visited, was "the debatable land" between England and Scotland, a district inhabited at that time by banditti and outlaws, and into which no civilized person ventured, who could help it. Here he was found every year about the time of Christmas travelling from place to place, defying cold, hunger, and fatigue, preaching to the people, arbitrating in their quarrels, seeking to win them to orderly and quiet habits, fearlessly rebuking their vices, and everywhere followed by the rude but hearty gratitude and reverence of those for whose welfare he put forth so much disinterested labour. His last days were greatly troubled by some ecclesiastical disputes and the machinations of some of his clerical brethren; but he continued to pursue his course of laborious effort and large-hearted beneficence to the end. He died on the 4th of March, 1583, leaving behind him a name which has been for successive generations as a household word and a sacred memorial among the people of the district where he laboured.—W. L. A.
GILPIN, Richard, a nonconformist divine, was born in 1625. He first studied medicine, and graduated M.D. at Leyden, but "he was designed," says his biographer, "by God for great work in his church, and was singularly qualified for it. There was scarcely anything that accomplished a man, a scholar, a physician, or divine, but he possessed it in great perfection. He went about doing good both to the souls and the bodies of men." He became a preacher in Lambeth, then at the Savoy, where he was assistant to Dr. Wilkins. Of the living of Greystock in Cumberland, valued at £300, he was deprived for nonconformity. He also laboured at Durham, but he lived longest in Newcastle. He was seized with his mortal illness in the pulpit, and being carried home, died ten days after, in the year 1699.—R. H.
GILPIN, Sawrey, R.A., was born at Carlisle in 1733. He studied painting under Samuel Scott the marine painter; but he liked horses better than ships, and under the patronage of the duke of Cumberland, he soon found abundant and profitable occupation in painting the portraits of celebrated horses and dogs. Gilpin was the best animal painter of his day. He thoroughly understood the domestic animals, and drew them correctly and with great spirit. He essayed historical pictures, but failed completely. Gilpin was a feeble colourist; the landscape part of his pictures was frequently painted by Barrett, whilst he painted the animals in Barrett's landscapes. He published some etchings of animals. Gilpin died March 8, 1807.—J. T—e.
GILPIN, William, Vicar of Boldre in the New Forest, Hampshire, and prebendary of Salisbury, was born at Carlisle in 1724. He is stated in some accounts to have been a descendant of the celebrated Bernard Gilpin; but Carleton, in his life of the latter, positively affirms that "he lived and dyed a single man." Mr. Gilpin for some time kept a flourishing school at Cheam in Surrey, and it was one of his pupils. Colonel Mitford, author of a History of Greece, who procured for him the appointment to Boldre, in which he remained till his death. Mr. Gilpin was a man of undoubted genius and great literary industry. Besides a variety of works on subjects of religious interest, he wrote a series of volumes illustrative of the picturesque scenery of Great Britain, and accompanied by engravings in aquatint executed by himself with the taste and feeling of a painter. Among his works of a religious character are "The Life of Bernard Gilpin," published in 1753, and reprinted by Edward Irving at Glasgow in 1824; lives of Latimer, Wickliffe, Lord Cobham, J. Huss, Jerome of Prague, and Cranmer, published at intervals from 1754 to 1784; "Lectures on the Catechism of the Church of England," 1779; "Exposition of the New Testament," 1790, characterized by Bishop Home as "a justly admired and ably executed work;" "Moral Contrasts," 1798; and "Sermons Preached to a Country Congregation," 1799-1805, a work highly recommended by Dr. Aikin to the careful imitation of young clergymen. Of his numerous volumes on picturesque scenery, &c., we can only briefly mention the titles—"Observations on the River Wye, and the Southern Districts of Wales," 1782; "Tour through the Lake Country," 1787; "Observations on Picturesque Beauty made in 1776 in different parts of Great Britain, and particularly on the Mountains of Scotland," published in 1789; "Remarks on Forest Scenery, with Views of the New Forest in Hampshire," 1791; "Three Essays on Picturesque Beauty, with a Poem on Landscape Painting," 1792; "Remarks on the Western parts of England and the Picturesque Beauties of the Isle of Wight," 1798. These works initiated a new and higher style of books of travels. Most of them were translated into French and German in 1800, and the aquatint engravings in the translations are said to have been even superior to those in the original, although the latter have sufficient excellence to prove that Gilpin was an accomplished artist as well as able writer. His brother Sawrey, a professional artist (mentioned in a separate notice), contributed etchings of the animals. William was as much esteemed for his moral and religious character as he was admired for his talents, and when he died in 1804, at the age of eighty, he left the profits of his publications for the endowment of a school at Boldre.—G. BL.
GIMIGNANO, Vincenzio da San, an Italian fresco painter, was born at San Gimignano about 1490; his family name was Tamagni. He is known chiefly as one of the assistants of Raphael in the Vatican Loggie. His first works were executed about 1510 in the church of San Francesco at Montalcino, some of which are still preserved, others are at San Gimignano, but most have perished. He is supposed to have died young about 1529. He is one of those painters who seem to have been disturbed and ruined by the sack of Rome by the soldiers of Bourbon in 1527.—(Vasari, Vite del Pittori.)—R. N. W.
GINANI, Giuseppe, known as having made some interesting discoveries of plants and other natural productions on the coasts of the Adriatic. He acquired great reputation as a botanist and zoologist, and left several works. He was a member of several academies, and was particularly honoured by the grand-duke of Tuscany. He died at Ravenna in 1753.—A. S., O.
GINGUENÉ, Pierre Louis, was born at Rennes, 25th April, 1748. To the English reader Ginguené is best known for his "History of Italian Literature;" a work so faithful and complete that our great historian, Hallam, has borrowed from it most freely in his own account of the literary history of Europe during the three centuries which he has made the subject of his inquiry. Lady Morgan met him abroad, and bears testimony to the charm of his manner and the goodness of his heart. His education was derived chiefly from his father, and it was in his own family that the future historian of the Italian writers acquired, besides Greek and Latin, a knowledge of the English and Italian languages; so that, by the time he arrived at man's estate, he had gone through the whole range of belles-lettres, of history, and philosophy. His earliest efforts in literature were such as might have been expected from a young man of general accomplishments, brought up in the country, and not
