wards professor at Heidelberg and Basle, and in the interim visited Tübingen to superintend the reforms which had been resolved upon in the church. In 1530 he came to England on the invitation of Henry VIII., who commissioned him to ascertain the opinions of the German and Swiss divines on the subject of his divorce. Some of the letters written by Grynæus in connection with this matter are still extant, as well as others obtained by his means. Grynæus was not the only one who thought, that although the king's marriage was an ill-advised one, it ought not to be dissolved, "and inclined rather to advise that the king should take another wife, keeping the queen still." Erasmus was one of the friends of Grynæus, who sent to him a manuscript of the last five books of Livy, which he had discovered in a convent on the Rhine. When Grynæus came to this country Erasmus gave him letters of introduction to (Lord) William Montjoy, Sir Thomas More, and others; and when Erasmus lay upon his deathbed Grynæus stood by him. He attended at the diet of Spires and at the colloquy at Worms. His amiable and excellent character won for him the estimation of Calvin, and of many other leading reformers. He wrote and published various works, among which may be named the following—Latin translations of some of the Homilies of Chrysostom upon the First Epistle to the Corinthians; a Latin version of the Life of Agesilaus by Plutarch; a Latin version of some of Aristotle's works, &c. He published the Greek text of Euclid, and a Latin translation of Plato, with some of the Commentaries of Proclus. He wrote a preface to the Almagest of Ptolemy, of which the Greek text was first published by him, as also was the Veterinarii Medici. His most curious work is the "Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum;" a remarkable compilation, including the narratives of seventeen early travellers. Besides these he wrote several other works. He died of the plague at Basle on the 1st of August, 1541.—His son, Samuel—born in 1539; died in 1599—and his grandson of the same name—born in 1595; died in 1658—also distinguished themselves.—B. H. C.
GRYPHIUS, originally GREIF, Andreas, an eminent German dramatist, born at Gross-Glogau, Silesia, 2d October, 1616; completed his education at Fraustadt and Dantzic. He then became private tutor to the family of a distinguished nobleman, after whose death he left his country, and for nine years led a wandering life in Holland, France, and Italy. At Leyden he lectured for six years on philosophy, mathematics, history, and logic. In 1647 he returned home and obtained several posts of trust and honour, in the discharge of the duties of which he died 16th July, 1664, in his native town. The tragedies of Gryphius, although partly disfigured by violence and atrocity (thus in his "Carolus Stuartus" that unfortunate monarch is beheaded on the stage), and partly imitations of Vondel, are nevertheless full of true poetic genius, and first gave the German drama a definite form and a permanent place in literature. His comedies are somewhat low and burlesque, particularly "Peter Squenz," the subject of which curiously coincides with that of Shakspeare's Midsummer Night's Dream, of which, however, Gryphius had no direct knowledge. As a lyric poet he was excelled by Fleming and Opitz.—(See Klopp, A. G. als Dramatiker, 1852; and Hermann, On A. G., 1851.)—K. E.
GRYPHIUS, Christian, son of the preceding, was born at Fraustadt, 29th September, 1649, and died at Breslau, 6th March, 1786, where he had held the headmastership of the gymnasium of St. Magdalen. His poems, "Poetische Walder," are unworthy of the name of Gryphius, but his prose works, "Gedächtnissschriften and Entwurf der geistlichen und weltlichen Ritterorden," were highly esteemed by his contemporaries.—K. E.
GRYPHIUS, Sebastianus, the famous printer, whose real name was Gryph or Greiff, was born in Suabia in 1493. He settled at Lyons, where he attained to great eminence in his profession. His publications were remarkable for their number, variety, and accuracy. These works, of which more than three hundred are known, were in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and French; among them may be named the Bible of 1550 in Latin, and the Commentaria linguæ Latinæ. He died in 1556, and was succeeded by his son Antonius.—There was a brother, Francis, an eminent printer at Paris; and another, John, followed the same profession at Venice. There are also other well-known printers of the same family.—B. H. C.
GUA DE MALVES, Jean Paul de, a French mathematician and economist, was born at Carcassonne in 1712, and died in Paris in 1786. His father, the descendant of an old family, having been ruined by the financial schemes of Law and the regent duke of Orleans, the young De Gua entered the church and obtained an abbacy, the slender income of which was sufficient for his support while he lived a solitary life of study in Paris. In 1740 he published a mathematical work which gained him a high reputation, called "Usage de l'analyse de Descartes." It has reference to the investigation of the properties of curves by analytical geometry, without the aid of the differential calculus. Its publication led to his being elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1743 he was appointed to the professorship of philosophy in the Collège de France, which, however, he soon afterwards resigned, in order that he might devote his whole time to study and writing. He is said to have been the first to conceive the idea of a French Encyclopædia; but owing to a dispute with his publisher, the undertaking was abandoned. In 1764 he drew the attention of government to the existence of gold in the beds of some of the rivers in Languedoc, and obtained authority to conduct a search for that metal, in which his means were wasted without any profitable return.—W. J. M. R.
GUADAGNOLI or GUADAGNOLO, Filippo, born at Magliano in the Lower Abruzzi towards the year 1596. Early in youth he entered a convent of regular minors, and made his profession at Rome in the year 1612. He studied with great success Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Persic, and Syriac. He knew Arabic so well, that in 1656 he pronounced a long oration in that language in the presence of Queen Christina of Sweden, who honoured him with her friendship. Whilst filling the chair of Arabic in the college of the Sapienza at Rome, Guadagnoli assisted Archbishop Damas in translating the Bible into that language. His "Apology for Christianity" is a masterpiece of theological eloquence and learning. His other works are "Breves Arabicæ linguæ institutiones," and an Arabic dictionary still inedited. Guadagnoli died at Rome in 1656.—A. C. M.
GUALDO-PRIORATO, Galeazzo, Count of Comazzo, soldier, diplomatist, historian, born in Vicenza, 23rd July, 1606; died in the same city in 1678. At the age of fifteen he fought in Flanders under Maurice of Nassau, and was present at the taking of Breda by Spinola in 1625. He subsequently commanded a company of cavalry under Count Ernest de Mansfeld, and, in the reverses of his chief, followed him to England. Crossing to Holland, he suffered shipwreck, revisited France, and joined D'Hauterive in La Rochelle. In the campaign of Wallenstein against Gustavus Adolphus, he also bore an active part. In 1632 Venice rewarded his services by a pension of four hundred ducats; and about the same period he composed some of those numerous works, for the production of which a life of leisure would have seemed essential. In 1643 he resumed military service; but, two years later, relinquished it after the disastrous battle of Nordlingen. In 1652 he removed to Paris to collect materials for his "History of Cardinal Mazarin's Ministry;" a year later he was naturalized in. France. In 1656 Gualdo received from Alexander VII. a patent of nobility, and was appointed to a post in the suite of Christina, ex-queen of Sweden, by whom he was employed in various diplomatic negotiations. In 1664 the Emperor Leopold created him imperial historiographer, and admitted him to the Aulic council. The last fourteen years of his life were devoted to literary pursuits at Vicenza. Amongst his voluminous works are histories of the wars of Ferdinand II. and III., and of Leopold.—C. G. R.
GUALTERUS, Rodolphus, one of the first reformers, was born at Zurich in 1519, and studied in Switzerland, Germany, and England. While yet a young man, he became connected with some of the leaders of the Reformation, and in 1541 he accompanied Philip, landgrave of Hesse, to the diet of Ratisbon Returning to Zurich, he married the daughter of Zuinglius, and preached the reformed doctrines from 1542 to 1575, when he succeeded Bullinger as first minister of the protestant church at Zurich. In 1546 he published "Sermons on the Antichrist," a work which was translated into various languages, and excited the violent indignation of the Roman catholic church. He died in 1586, leaving, besides his "Antichrist," commentaries on various books of scripture, works on grammar and history, and some translations from the classics.—His son, Rodolph, studied in Germany and at Oxford, where he graduated M.A. in 1573. He was favourably known by several Latin poems, but died at Zurich in 1577 at the age of twenty-five.—G. BL.
