GUTZLAFF, Charles, the eminent Chinese missionary, was born in 1808 at Pyritz in Prussian Pomerania, and was apprenticed in early life to the trade of a brazier; but his remarkable talent for acquiring foreign languages having brought him under the notice of Frederick William III., he was for some time employed in the study of the Arabic and Turkish tongues, with the view of being attached to the Prussian legation at Constantinople. These prospects, however, he soon afterwards abandoned; and, after being for some time in the mission-school of Jänicke in Berlin, he offered his services to the Netherlands Missionary Society, by which he was sent out in 1826 to Batavia. On his way out he spent some time in England, where he made some valuable friendships, and reached Java in 1827 Not long after he was appointed missionary and chaplain at Rhio, where he remained for some time. In 1829 he left the service of the society and removed to Singapore, from whence he sailed in company with the Rev. Jacob Tomlin on a mission to Siam. They were the first protestant missionaries to that kingdom, and were kindly received. Here Gutzlaff remained till June, 1831, at which time he resolved to commence missionary labours among the Chinese. Having acquired the language of China with ease and rapidity, he occupied himself for the next three years with a series of missionary voyages along the coasts, advancing as far north as Tientsin on the Peiho. His journal of the first three of these voyages was afterwards published in England and America. In 1834 he made a visit to the Straits, and staid for some time at Malacca; and in 1835 he was appointed joint Chinese secretary to the English commission, with a salary of £800 per annum. He resided at Macao till the breaking out of the war with England in 1839, with the exception of a trip to Lewchew and Japan in 1837, and another to Fuhkien in 1838. During the war he was employed in a great variety of ways, and during part of the time he was attached as interpreter to the staff of Sir Hugh Gough. For some time in 1842-43 he was a magistrate in Chusan, and in 1843 he succeeded the Hon. J. R. Morrison as Chinese secretary to the government of Hong-Kong, a post which he continued to hold till his death. In 1849 he obtained a furlough to recruit his health, and in the course of a twelvemonth's visit to Europe did much wherever he went to excite an interest in China and Chinese missions; and in February, 1851, he returned to his post at Hong-Kong. On 9th August of the same year he died. But he had done the work of a long life. His attainments as a Chinese scholar were of a high order, and in addition to his English writings, his publications in Chinese of all kinds amounted to nearly seventy in number, including a translation of the whole Bible; a "System of Theology;" a "History of England;" a "History of the Jews; "a "Digest of the World's History;" and the Chinese Magazine. He had also collected valuable materials for a Chinese dictionary. The journal before mentioned, and a "History of China," in two vols. 8vo, are the most important of his English works.—P. L.
GUY de Dampierre. See Dampierre.
GUY, Thomas, the founder of the hospital which bears his name in Southwark, London, was born in that borough in 1644. His father was a lighterman in Horsleydown, and his mother a native of Tamworth in Staffordshire, which latter circumstance serves to explain the interest which led to his benevolent bequests to the poor of that parish. After serving his apprenticeship with a bookseller in the porch of Mercer's chapel, he commenced business as a printer and bookseller in the house that till of late years formed the angle between Cornhill and Lombard Street, London, with a stock worth about two hundred pounds. On this small foundation he, by means of undertakings not all of which were honourable, raised the vast fortune he used so well. The English Bibles being very badly printed at that time, Mr. Guy engaged with others in a scheme for printing them in Holland, and then importing them. This commerce, however, being interdicted, the active trader succeeded in making a contract with the universities for their privilege of printing Bibles, by the sale of which, continued during many years, he accumulated a considerable sum of money. In 1688 he became a member of the Stationers' Company, and at his death commemorated the connection by bequeathing fifty pounds annually to the poor liverymen. He very considerably increased his gains by the questionable practice of buying prize tickets from the Jack tars returning home during the wars of Queen Anne's reign. He must indeed have been a skilful speculator, for in 1720, when he was seventy-six years old, he contrived to amass wealth by means of that tremendous bubble which beggared and disgraced so many thousands, the South Sea scheme. Besides the art of acquiring, he had patience and self-denial to save what he gathered. His habits, indeed, were penurious; for, being a single man, he was accustomed to dine on his shop counter, with no other table covering than an old newspaper. It is by no means certain, however, that he was penurious because he was single; a well-known anecdote is told of him which shows rather that penuriousness was the motive of his celibacy. His fortune having reached the then uncommon proportions of nearly half a million sterling, he began his enlightened and benevolent expenditure of it. In 1707 he built and furnished three wards in St. Thomas' hospital, and gave £100 a year in further aid of the purposes of that institution. In 1720 he formed the design of building the hospital near St. Thomas' which bears his name. He spent £18,793 upon its erection, just lived to see it roofed in, and at his death bequeathed £219,499 for its endowment. He died in December, 1724, in his eighty-first year. He had sat in parliament for Tamworth, where he erected an alms-house, with a library, for fourteen poor men and women; and he further bequeathed £125 a year for their maintenance, and for apprenticing poor children. To Christ's hospital he left £400 a year, and the residue of his fortune, amounting to about £80,000, he desired should be divided among those who could prove themselves in any degree related to him.—(History of London.)—R. H.
GUYARD, Theodor, a French sculptor, was born at Chaumont in Bossigny, July 12, 1723. The son of poor parents, he was placed with a farrier, but occupied all his spare time in drawing. One day he had taken a piece of charcoal from the forge, and was amusing himself by drawing on a wall the portrait of a horse waiting to be shod, when Voltaire and Madame Duchâtelet passed, and stayed to admire the artistic skill of the young farrier. Attention was thus called to his ability; a sum of money was raised, and he was placed first with one Lallier, a painter, next with a carver of ornaments, and then, as his talent for sculpture was palpable, with Bouchardon at Paris. Here his progress was rapid; in 1750 he gained the grand prize for sculpture, and with it a pension at Rome. While at Rome he copied several of the principal ancient statues as a means of support. On his return his marble statue, "Mars Reposing," was refused admission to the Salon through the intrigues of his opponents. A strong party was, however, formed in his support among the leading amateurs and nobility. Frederick the Great invited him to Prussia; the duke of Parma purchased his group of "Æneas and Anchises," and invited him to Italy. Guyard thought the latter promised best, and went. He stayed there the rest of his days, and executed many works. He died at Carrara, May 31, 1788. Guyard designed with facility, modelled well, and wrought the marble with much skill; but his manner was exaggerated and somewhat affected.—J. T—e.
GUYET, François, was born of a good family at Angers in 1575. In 1608 he visited Rome, and acquired a perfect knowledge of Italian. Returning to Paris, he acted as tutor to the son of the Duke d'Épernon, afterwards cardinal de la Valette. A man of immense erudition, and, in conversation, of singular boldness as a critic, he yet dreaded publicity, and was withheld from printing his more original opinions by the threats of Salmasius to write a book against him. He died in the arms of Ménage and Jean du Puy in 1655.—W. J. P.
GUYON, Jean Marie Bouvier de la Mothe, the famous mystic, was born at Montargis, April 13, 1648. She married a person of the same place named Guyon in 1664; and was left a widow with three children at the age of twenty-eight. Her marriage had not been happy; her mother-in-law had continually harassed her, had, in fact, embittered her life, and the hand of death had fallen on several of her children. Her religious feeling had been strongly developed in youth; and in her early widowhood she had some thoughts of entering a nunnery. At length she fixed her residence at Gex, and the well-known La Combe became her spiritual guide. Persecuted by the Bishop D'Aranthon, she next retired to Thonon across the lake of Geneva; and the same bishop, convinced of her sincere enthusiasm, offered her the situation of prioress at Gex, but she would not return. Her life of faith, so manifest, so pure, and yet so little dependent on church ceremonial, amazed those around her, and brought suspicions of heresy upon her. She now began to give formal expression to her views and feelings; and composed
