baron by Napoleon in 1811, and died in 1816 in Paris. His writings are very numerous. His most valuable contribution to science is the chemical nomenclature, brought out by him, conjointly with Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy.—J. A. W.
GUZMAN, Alesandro, a Spaniard, born in 1752, who took a leading part with Herbert and others in the French revolution. He was involved in the same condemnation as Danton and Camille Desmoulins, and guillotined, 5th April, 1794.—F. M. W.
GUZMAN, Alfonso Perez, surnamed the Good, a celebrated Spanish captain, born in 1258, founder of the noble family of Medina Sidonia. He early distinguished himself against the Moors; but, being affronted by his brothers on account of his illegitimacy, betook himself to the service of Aben Yusuf, king of Morocco, where he became famous. When the king of Castile, Alfonso X., was threatened by the rebellion of his son Sancho in 1282, the Moorish king accompanied Guzman with a considerable force into Spain, to support the throne, but effected little, and Guzman returned to Fez with his newly-married wife. On the death of Aben Yusuf, Guzman, finding himself an object of hostility to the new king, escaped with his followers to Spain, and counselled the king, Sancho, to undertake the conquest of Tarifa from the Moors, which he himself accomplished with his own resources. Remaining governor of the place, he was besieged by the Moors, aided by Don Juan, brother of the king. This miscreant held up before the walls Guzman's eldest son, who had fallen into his hands by treachery, threatening to kill him if the place were not surrendered. Guzman replied that, sooner than yield, he would lend his own dagger for the commission of the murder, and it was accordingly perpetrated. This act of heroism has been dramatized by Guevara and Lope de Vega. Guzman became the owner of the whole coast of Andalusia from the Guadalquivir to the Guadalete. During the minority of Ferdinand IV. he maintained the authority of the queen regent in those districts and in the kingdom of Leon. Guzman died in 1309, of a wound received at the siege of Gibraltar.—F. M. W.
GUZMAN, Enrique de, second duke of Medina Sidonia, died in 1492; was one of the most vigorous defenders of the crown of Isabella I. Although banished on account of a quarrel with Rodrigo Ponce de Leon, he generously came to the assistance of his rival when besieged in Alhama. He afterwards took a glorious part in the siege of Malaga, and in the conquest of Granada—F. M. W.
GUZMAN, Fernan Perez de, a Spanish courtier, poet, and historian, born in 1405; died in 1470. In early life he attained distinction at the battle of the Higuerola in 1431; and he was also prominent among the opponents of the Constable Alvarez de Luna. Falling into disgrace, he retired to his estates at Batras, and devoted himself to literature. His most important work was the editing of the Chronicle of John II. He also wrote "Genealogies and Portraits," 1512—F. M. W.
GUZMAN, Juan, called Fray Juan del Santissimo Sacramento, a Spanish painter, was born in 1611 in the province of Cordova, studied at Rome, and in 1634 returned to Spain and settled at Seville. There having a few years later become involved in some insurrectionary proceedings, he took refuge in a Carmelite convent, and assumed the habit of a lay brother. Having been sent to the monastery at Aguilar, he there painted several pictures, and in 1666 went to Cordova, where he painted the high altar and other pictures for the cathedral, and some for the bishop's palace. He died at Aguilar in 1680. Though a contemporary of Murillo, he was an imitator, both in composition and colour, of Rubens and the Flemish school. His drawing was faulty, and his composition devoid of originality. He etched some plates, among others several for a translation of the Perspective of P. Acolti, which he did not live to complete.—J. T—e.
GUZMAN, Leonor de, born in 1312; died in 1350; the mistress of Alfonso XI., king of Castile. She retained her influence over him till his death, when the legitimate queen, Maria of Portugal, aided by her son, Pedro the Cruel, caused Léonor to be seized in Seville, and put to death.—F. M. W.
GUZMAN, Pedro de, called el Coxo (the Cripple), was a Spanish painter of considerable celebrity in his day, and appointed painter in 1601 to Philip II., but now almost forgotten. His best works are said to have been the frescoes on the ceiling of the royal chamber.—J. T—e.
GUZMAN, Bartholomeu de. See Gusmao.
GWILT, George, architect, the eldest son of an architect of the same name, was born at Southwark, London, February 8, 1775. He was articled to his father, and succeeded him in his business. His first large commission was the vast range of warehouses of the West India Dock Company. He was always fully employed, but, as far as we know, erected no original works of an artistic character. Those by which he is best known, perhaps, are the restoration of St. Mary, Overy, Southwark, and the rebuilding of the tower and spire of Wren's church of St. Mary-le-bow, Cheapside. Mr. Gwilt devoted much time to antiquarian pursuits, was in 1815 elected F.S.A., and contributed some papers to the Archæologia and to the Vetusta Monumenta of the Society of Antiquaries. He died January 27, 1856.—J. T—e.
GWILT, Joseph, younger brother of the above, born January 11, 1784, also an architect, but is better known as a writer on architecture. His principal buildings are Markree castle, near Sligo, Ireland, and a church at Charlton, Kent. His principal writings are—"Notitia Architectonica Italiana," 1818; "View of the Origin of Caryatides," 1822; "Sciography, or examples of shadows," third edition, 1824; "Treatise on the Equilibrium of Arches;" "Rudiments of Architecture," 1826; a translation of the Architecture of Vitruvius, 4to, 1826; "Elements of Architectural Criticism," 1827; and an "Encyclopædia of Architecture," 1842—a laborious and useful work, the value of which has been shown by three editions having been required. He also edited the Civil Architecture of Sir William Chambers, 2 vols., 1825, and contributed several papers to Brande's Dictionary, the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, &c. Mr. Gwilt was long one of the surveyors for the county of Surrey, and architect to the Grocers' Company. He died in 1863.—J. T—e.
GWILYM is the name of several Welsh celebrities who are to be found in the Cambrian Biography and in Williams' Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Welshmen, Llandovery, 1852. For the most part they were poets, and flourished in the period between 1300 and 1600, that is, between the time of Edward I.'s terrible incursion into their country and the failure of the Tudor dynasty on the throne of England. David ap Gwilym is the most renowned of the number, and has been called the "Ovid of Wales," and the "Nightingale of Teivi vale." He was brought up in the family of Llewelyn ap Gwilym Fychan, styled lord of Cardigan, at Emlyn, until he was fifteen years of age, and afterwards settled as steward and private tutor in the family of Ivor Hael. He died about 1400. His poems were published in 1792, 8vo, by Mr. Owen Jones and Mr. William Owen.—R. H.
GWYNN, John, R.A., architect, was born at Shrewsbury in the early part of the eighteenth century. Gwynn erected a church and some other buildings, but is remembered on account of his bridges and his writings. He built the well-known Magdalen bridge at Oxford; and the picturesque, but not very convenient, English bridge at Shrewsbury. He also competed for the erection of Blackfriars' bridge, London, and carried on a brisk controversy (assisted by Dr. Johnson) with Mylne, whose design was selected. As a writer Gwynn has the merit of having suggested various important public improvements, which, though neglected at the time, have since been to a remarkable extent adopted. In 1749 he published "An Essay on Design, including Proposals for erecting a Public Academy." This was to be an "English Academy of painting, sculpture, and architecture;" and when, nineteen years later, the Royal Academy was founded, Gwynn's suggestions were to a considerable extent followed. Gwynn was one of the original members of the Royal Academy. His most remarkable work was a quarto volume, which appeared in 1766 under the title of "London and Westminster Improved," and for which Johnson wrote a dedication to the king. In this Gwynn not only proposed to replace old London bridge by a new one, and to erect another bridge almost on the exact spot long afterwards selected for Waterloo bridge; to widen the Strand, and other main thoroughfares; to form open central spaces, and to construct a great number of new streets, which should more directly connect the various public places and centres of business; but also to embank the Thames between the bridges, and to form a river-side road one hundred or one hundred and twenty feet wide, half being devoted to quays, and half to a carriage way; to improve the sewers, and to remove the burial-places to a convenient distance outside the city. In this work, strange to say, a very large proportion of the chief improvements which have only within the
