present at, among other engagements, the battle of the Alma, where he had a horse shot under him, and at the battles of Balaclava and Inkermann; at the latter his horse was killed. He was actively engaged during the siege of Sebastopol to its fall, and aided in the repulse of the sortie on the 26th of October, 1854. For these services he received the brevet rank of major and lieutenant-colonel in the army in 1855, a medal and clasps, the knight's cross of the legion of honour, the Sardinian medal, and the fifth class of the Medjidie. During the siege of Sebastopol he contributed to Blackwood's Magazine a series of graphic and interesting papers from the seat of war, which were republished separately in 1855 with the title, "Story of the Campaign of Sebastopol." From Blackwood's Magazine has been recently reprinted, with enlargements, his sketch of the career of the duke of Wellington. Colonel Hamley is now professor of military history, &c., at the new Staff college, Sandhurst.—F. E.
HAMMER-PURGSTALL, Joseph von, was born, June 9, 1774, at Grätz in Styria. In 1787 he was sent to the college of St. Barbe at Vienna, in 1788 he entered the oriental academy of Prince von Kaunitz, and in 1796 was admitted to the service of the state as secretary to Von Jenisch, the editor of Meninsky's great Arabic, Persian, and Turkish Dictionary, Vienna 1780-1802, in 4 vols. folio. On this work Hammer was engaged, but found leisure for poetical composition. In 1799 he went to Constantinople as interpreter to the internuncio Herbert. After the convention of El-Arish he was sent on a mission into Egypt, where he made a collection of manuscripts, hieroglyphic inscriptions, and other curiosities, which he presented to the imperial library at Vienna. In 1801 Von Hammer was in Egypt as interpreter to Sidney Smith, Hutchinson, &c. He visited England in 1802, and on his return to Vienna, was again sent to Constantinople as secretary of the legation with Baron Von Stürmer. In 1806 he went to Jassy as consular agent in Moldavia, and returned the next year to Vienna. He was one of the suite of Maria Louisa at Paris in 1810. In 1816 he was appointed interpreter to the court, and the next year Aulic councillor. Von Hammer was a correspondent of the Institute of France, a member of the Academy of Göttingen, and of other learned bodies. He amassed an immense amount of oriental and other learning. He could write and converse in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, modern Greek, French, and English. Nor was he less familiar with several ancient languages. His official position gave him immense advantages. His opportunities of becoming acquainted with eastern languages and nations were such as few men have had, and he well knew how to turn them to account. Although possessed of a large fortune, he was most industrious and active, while his moderation was such, that he refused even to taste wine. He was an early riser and methodical in his habits, by which means he got through a vast amount of work. It is nevertheless true, that although he spoke and wrote ten languages, his knowledge of them was rather extensive than profound. But it must also be said that he employed them mainly as instruments for acquiring or imparting information, though not always by any means so accurately as could be wished. This involved him in controversy, but he so engaged in it as not to lose his friends. His greatest work is his "History of the Ottoman Empire," in 10 vols., 8vo : Pesth, 1827 to 1834. After the completion of this work he was ennobled with the title of Baron in 1835, when he added the name of Purgstall to his patronymic of Hammer. He resigned his offices in 1839, but the emperor continued his pay and sent him a flattering autograph letter. He died, November 23, 1856, in his eighty-third year. His literary career extended over nearly sixty years, during which time he issued about fifty works—all of which prove that if he was sometimes hasty and mistaken, he was an erudite scholar, an ardent promoter of oriental studies, and a most diligent student. He was editor of the Mines de l'Orient, and a contributor to a number of other learned journals.—B. H. C.
HAMMOND, Anthony, a minor miscellaneous writer, was born in 1668 of a Huntingdonshire family, and educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. He was a commissioner in the navy, and his parliamentary eloquence gained him from Lord Bolingbroke the designation of "silver-tongued Hammond." He wrote in verse and prose, and was a member of the poetical and politico-literary cliques of London in the early part of the eighteenth century. He died in 1738 in the Fleet prison, where he was confined for debt. He edited and contributed to, in 1720, "A new Miscellany of original poems." The titles of two of his prose pieces, both published in 1721, are "A modest Apology on the late unhappy turn of affairs with relation to public credit," and "Solitudinis munus," or Hints for thinking.—F. E.
HAMMOND, Henry, D.D., was a native of Chertsey, where he was born August 18, 1605. His father was physician to Henry, prince of Wales. Hammond was sent to Eton and to Magdalen college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1625. He devoted himself to the study of ecclesiastical and theological subjects, and in 1633 was presented to the living of Penshurst in Kent by Robert Sydney, earl of Leicester. In 1640 he was chosen a member of the convocation; and in 1643 was made archdeacon of Chichester. He was so decided a royalist, that although summoned to the Westminster Assembly of divines, he refused to attend, in consequence of which a reward was offered for his apprehension. This compelled him to retire privately, and in disguise, to Oxford, where he published his "Practical Catechism." In 1644 Dr. Hammond attended the duke of Richmond and the earl of Southampton as their chaplain, when they were sent by Charles I. with propositions to the parliament. The next year he was present at the treaty of Uxbridge, and engaged in a discussion there with Richard Vines, an eminent presbyterian minister. Soon after Hammond was made canon of Christ church, and was appointed by the university as public orator. The king next made him one of his chaplains, in which capacity he attended the monarch until 1647, when he was removed by the parliament, and again returned to Oxford, when he was elected subdean of Christ church. Of this post also he was deprived, and was for ten weeks a prisoner. Here he commenced his "Paraphrase and Annotations on the New Testament," first published in 1653. It was translated into Latin by Le Clerc, with additions. To the annotations was prefixed a treatise on the New Light. The paraphrase is not destitute of merit, and the annotations possess some value. Hammond had a good knowledge of Greek, and of ancient authors. From Oxford Dr. Hammond removed first to Clapham, near Bedford, and then to Westwood, near Droitwich, in Worcestershire, where he found a retreat with Sir John Packington during the remainder of his life. Here he wrote and published a number of works, including his "Paraphrase and Commentary upon the Psalms." Here, also, he edited the Whole Duty of Man, the author of which was in all probability Lady Packington. In 1660 Dr. Hammond was nominated by Charles II. to the see of Worcester; the same year, however, he died on the 25th of April, before his consecration. His works were collected and published by Fulton in 1684. The fidelity he showed in adhering to his royalist and episcopalian preferences, caused him much trouble and adversity, and the closing years of his life were years of great bodily affliction; but he is said to have been distinguished by many excellent qualities, and deserves to be remembered as a learned, eloquent, and conscientious man.—B. H. C.
HAMMOND, James, second son of Anthony Hammond of Somersham Place in Huntingdon, was born about the year 1710. In Westminster school, where he was educated, he made the acquaintance of Chesterfield, Lyttleton, and Cobham. Of his life we do not know much, and what we do know is not remarkable. He was fond of literature; affected poetry, without having any great genius for it; was in good society, the pleasures of which he freely participated in, alternating between study in the country and gaiety in the town. He was in favour with the prince of Wales, who made him his equerry, and afterwards, it is said, procured his election as representative for Truro in 1741. An attachment which he felt or feigned for a Miss Dashwood gave occasion for most of his poetical compositions; and, as Hazlitt says, he "translated Tibullus into English verse to let his mistress and the public know of it." Johnson, who has given a short memoir of him, says that he was "esteemed and caressed by the elegant and the great," yet he speaks too depreciatingly of his poems. "His Elegies," he says, "have neither passion, nature, nor manners. Where there is fiction there is no passion." This observation, like many of Johnson's, is more sententious than true. Fictitious sentiment, in the fashion of the day, was often used to illustrate real passion, and in this Hammond was not worse than others. Hammond's verses are smooth, but are often frigid and want vigour. He died in 1742.—J. F. W.
HAMPDEN, John, one of the most illustrious English patriots, was descended from an ancient and opulent family which had been settled at Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire, before the Conquest. He was born in 1594, and was the eldest
