each, carrying a body of men and women to the number of thirty thousand, and provisions and other necessaries." This work, which must have been written in Phœnician and translated into Greek, consists of detached notes written in the first person, as if by Hanno himself, and abounding in the marvellous. Various editions of it have been printed, and it has been a fertile theme of discussion among critics and commentators. An English translation, accompanied with the Greek text, was published by Mr. Thomas Falconer in 1797. It was also translated by M. de Chateaubriand, in an essay in which he established a parallel between the republic of Carthage and the modern empire of Great Britain. Pliny states that Hanno circumnavigated Africa as far as the Arabian Gulf; but it appears to be clearly established by Gosselin that he never penetrated farther south than Cape Bojador, nor beyond the Senegal river.—G. BL.
HANRIOT. See Henriot.
HANS-SACHS. See Sachs.
HANSARD, Luke, an eminent printer, was born at Norwich on the 5th of July, 1752. His father was an unsuccessful manufacturer there; his mother, the daughter of a clergyman. Educated at the Boston grammar-school, he was apprenticed to a Norwich printer, and after serving his time, repaired to London with a single guinea in his pocket. He obtained a situation as a compositor in the printing office of Mr. Hughes of Great Turnstile, Lincoln's Inn Fields, printer to the house of commons at a time when parliamentary literature was comparatively in its infancy. By his skill, industry, and probity, Hansard raised himself in the establishment to the position of a partner, and twenty years after he had entered it, the whole printing of the house of commons was transferred to him. As a private printer, he acquired the esteem of Orme, the historian of Hindostan, of Johnson, and of Burke. A tribute to his zeal and ability in printing for the house of commons, was paid by Mr. Rickman, the well-known clerk of the house, in a memoir contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine for December, 1828. Mr. Hansard died at London on the 29th of October in that year. His name survives in the title of the series of reports of parliamentary debates known as "Hansard."—F. E.
HANSEN, Christian Frederick, a Danish architect, born at Copenhagen, 29th February, 1756, began his studies in the academy of arts at the age of ten, and won its silver medals in 1772 and 1774, and its great gold medal, 1779. The following year, receiving a government travelling-stipend, he spent upwards of two years in Italy. In 1801 he was recalled to Copenhagen to undertake the re-erection of the Raad-hus, or house of parliament, and the castle of Christianborg, after their destruction by fire; and seven years later was appointed director of buildings and statsraad. He was the architect of many public erections and churches, but the Raad-hus is the finest specimen of his genius. He died at Conferensraad, 10th July, 1845.—M. H.
* HANSEN, Peter Andreas, an astronomer and geodetician, was born at Fondern in Schleswig on the 8th of December, 1795. He distinguished himself by his geodetical skill in the triangulation of the duchy of Holstein. After having been employed for a time in the observatory of Altona, he was appointed, in 1825, director of the observatory of Seeberg, near Gotha. He is the author of important researches on the theory of lunar and planetary perturbations, which have appeared in the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin, in those of the Academy of Sciences of Saxony, and in Schumacher's Astronomische Nachrichten.—R.
* HANSTEEN, Christian, a distinguished Norwegian physicist, was born at Christiania on the 26th of September, 1784, and has been professor of astronomy and applied mathematics in the university of that city since 1815. He is chiefly known by his important contributions to our knowledge of the laws of terrestrial magnetism. For the purpose of studying its phenomena, he travelled in Siberia in 1828, 1829, and 1830.—R.
HANVILL, John, a benedictine monk and Latin poet, who flourished in the end of the twelfth century, was educated at Oxford. Thence he proceeded to Paris, where he acquired high distinction as a scholastic disputant. He afterwards returned to England, and became a monk of Saint Albans. The work by which he is best known is a long didactic poem, entitled "Architrenius," Paris, 1517, considered in the sixteenth century not only learned and ingenious, but highly entertaining. Two manuscripts of it are preserved in the Bodleian library, along with shorter poems and epistles by the same author.—G. B—y.
HANWAY, Jonas, more notable for his philanthropy and eccentricity, than for his undeniably prolific authorship, was born at Portsmouth in 1712. Beginning life as apprentice to a Lisbon merchant, he emigrated to St. Petersburg, and travelled commercially to and in Persia. Having acquired a competency in his mercantile career, he returned to England, and published in 1753 a work of some practical interest, descriptive of his travels in Russia, and including an historical account of the British trade over the Caspian sea. His life, after his return home, was mainly devoted to philanthropic effort, constant, disinterested and unostentatious, and of which the results are still visible in such institutions as the Marine Society and the Magdalene Hospital, both of which he helped to found. So peculiar was the sense entertained in the metropolis of his worth as a philanthropist and a man, that a deputation from the principal merchants of London waited on Lord Bute, when prime minister, and asked him to bestow upon Hanway some mark of the public esteem. The appeal was responded to by his appointment to a commissionership of the navy, the salary of which, on resigning it after a tenure of twenty years, he was allowed to retain. He died in London in 1786, and a monument to his memory was raised by public subscription. There are some curious anecdotes of this worthy and eccentric man in the Remarkable Occurrences in the life of Jonas Hanway, by John Pugh, London, 1787, to which is appended a list of his numerous writings; most of them enforcing his philanthropic and other schemes. Besides the work of foreign travel mentioned above, the only one of them still occasionally remembered is his diatribe against tea, accompanying his "Eight days' Journey to Portsmouth," which provoked from Johnson a sarcastic defence of his favourite beverage. According to Mr. Peter Cunningham—in the Handbook of London—"Hanway was the first man who ventured to walk the streets of London with an umbrella over his head. After carrying one near thirty years, he saw them come into general use."—F. E.
HAPSBURG or HABSBURG, House of, an illustrious German family, which is supposed to have derived its name from the castle of Habsbourg, upon the river Aar in the canton of Berne. The origin and early history of the family are involved in obscurity; but it is alleged to have been founded in 1026 by Radbotar, grandson of Gontram the Red, count of Brisgau. In 1233 it divided into two branches—Habsburg-Habsburg and Habsburg-Laufenberg. The German line of the latter terminated about the beginning of the fifteenth century; the former became extinct in the male line in the person of the Emperor Charles VI., after giving twenty-two sovereigns to Austria, sixteen emperors to Germany, eleven kings to Hungary and Bohemia, and six to Spain. The original territory of the Hapsburgs was the fertile tract lying along the southern bank of the Danube to the eastward of the river Ens, and which was called Ost-reich—the east country—from its position relatively to the rest of Germany. The governors of this district bore for several centuries the title of margrave; but, towards the middle of the twelfth century, having received an important accession of territory in the province west of the Ens, they were raised by the emperor of Germany from the rank of margrave to that of duke. The principal members of this family will be found noticed under their respective christian names Albert, Francis, Rudolph, &c. The aggrandisement of the Hapsburg family has mainly been brought about by a series of fortunate marriages. A well known epigram states that while other families have acquired kingdoms by their valour and talent, Austria has made her conquests by assiduously worshipping at the shrine of Hymen. Certain qualities, physical, intellectual, and moral, have long been hereditary in the Hapsburg line. A thick hanging under lip was brought into the family by marriage with one of the Jagellons of Poland; and ingratitude, treachery, intolerance, cruelty, and a total disregard of the most solemn oaths and promises have for ages characterized most of the heads of the house of Hapsburg.—(See Crimes of the House of Hapsburg, by Professor F. W. Newman.—J. T.
HARAEUS, the Latinized name of Verhaer, Francis, was born at Utrecht about 1550; he taught rhetoric at Douai, and afterwards travelled with Possevin in Germany, Italy, and Russia. He died canon of Louvain in 1632, having published a number of works, including "Biblia sacra expositionibus illustrata," of little value; "Annales ducum Brabantiæ," &c., which is esteemed; "Historiæ Sanctorum," abridged from Surius, a useful book "Concordia historiæ, &c."—B. H. C.
