followed in 1837 by a "Home Tour through various parts of the United Kingdom," to the later volume being appended his autobiographical "Memoirs of an Assistant Commissary-general." In 1849 appeared his "Rome, a Tour of many Days," which is valuable for its minute topographical details. He was the author of an English translation of the Memoirs of Cardinal Pacca, 1850; and of the Metamorphoses of Apuleius, 1851. He died in the May of 1855.—F. E.
HEARNE, Samuel, an enterprising English explorer, was born at London in 1745. At the age of eleven he entered as midshipman in the royal navy, and afterwards passed into the service of the Hudson Bay Company, as quartermaster. Hearne speedily attracted notice by the ability with which he executed the task intrusted to him in 1768 of examining portions of the coasts of Hudson Bay to the northward of Fort Churchill (then Fort Prince of Wales), with a view to the improvement of the fishery. It was determined to employ him in a more arduous undertaking, the objects of which were twofold—to reach the copper mines reported by the Indians to occur on the banks of a river in the distant interior, and to ascertain the existence of the sea upon the northern shores of the American continent, with a view to the often-mooted question of a north-west passage between the two great oceans. Hearne ultimately accomplished both purposes. He set out from Fort Churchill, accompanied by two Europeans and some Indians, on November 6, 1769; but after fifteen days' march to the north-westward the Indians abandoned him, and he was obliged to return. After another unsuccessful attempt he set forth for the third time on December 7, 1770, and following a more westerly course—his party of guides increased, as they advanced, by numerous bodies of natives—Hearne at length reached, on July 13, the desired banks of the Copper-mine river, which he descended for about thirty miles, until it reached the sea. He re-entered Fort Churchill after an interval of eighteen months and twenty-three days. Hearne was subsequently appointed to the government of Fort Churchill. In 1782 this establishment was destroyed by a French squadron under La Perouse, who generously restored to Hearne the manuscript journals of his travels to the Copper-mine. Hearne superintended the rebuilding of the fort in the following year, but in 1787 finally returned to his native country, where he died of dropsy in 1792. The record of his principal achievement was published in 1795.—W. H.
HEARNE, Thomas, an eminent literary antiquary was born in 1678 at Littlefield Green, in the parish of White Waltham, Berks, of which his father was clerk and schoolmaster. By the kindness of Mr. Cherry, a neighbouring squire, the boy was sent to the Free school of Bray, where he made himself remarkable by his assiduity and capacity for study. In 1695 Mr. Cherry took him into his own house for a time, then sent him to Oxford, and had him entered a batteler of Edmund Hall. To the university he became so attached that, spite of many provocations and temptations, he never left it till his death, forty years afterwards. He was employed by Dr. Mill, the editor of the Greek Testament, to collate some MSS., and on a subsequent occasion was sent to Eton college to compare a MS. of Tatian and Athenagoras. His friend, Mr. Cherry, also gave him a commission to transcribe Spelman's History of Sacrilege, for the purpose of publication. He took the degree of B.A. in 1699, and soon received the offer of a colonial appointment as a missionary, which he declined. He seems to have had an invincible repugnance to two things especially, namely, entering into holy orders, and quitting Oxford. The talisman which bound him to the place was doubtless the Bodleian library. There he spent as much of every day as the regulations would permit. His diligence and knowledge attracted the notice of Mr. Hudson, the principal librarian, who in 1701 appointed him to the office of assistant keeper. The library derived great benefit from his orderly mind and his zealous assiduity. In 1703 he took the degree of M.A., again refused preferment, and in 1712 succeeded to the office of second keeper of the library, having made a condition that he should be janitor also for the sake of holding the keys of the great storehouse. Hudson's opposition to this arrangement was very strong, and he took steps to eject Hearne altogether from the library. The explanation of this hostility is to be found partly in the antiquary's staunch jacobitism, a curious feature in the character of a secluded scholar. So sturdy and uncompromising, however, was he on this subject that, when in 1716 an act was passed requiring all office-holders to take the oaths of allegiance to the new sovereign under a penalty of £500, Hearne declined performing the duties of his office, and remained a nonjuror the rest of his life. He declined many further proposals made to draw him away from Oxford, where he died after a short illness on 10th June, 1735. His MSS., including his diaries, which alone make one hundred and forty-five small volumes, were left to Mr. Bedford, who sold them to Mr. Rawlinson, who again bequeathed them to the Bodleian.—R. H.
HEATH, Benjamin, recorder of Exeter, and an eminent scholar and critic, author of an "Essay towards a demonstrative proof of the Divine Existence," &c., and of Latin notes on the Greek dramatic poets, died in 1766.—G. BL.
HEATH, Charles, son of James Heath, was born about 1785, and died on the 18th of November, 1848. Like his father, he was a very skilful engraver, but most successful in his book plates, some of which are extremely delicate and graceful. In his later years he was best known as the most prolific and popular engraver of plates for the annuals. These extensive publishing engagements led to the employment of so many pupils and assistants, his own work being confined to superintendence, that his establishment became in fact a sort of manufactory, to the necessary deterioration of the art.—J. T—e.
HEATH, James, line engraver, was born in 1765. He was an artist of great ability, but his plates are very unequal. Many of his book plates, especially those after Stothard, are very charmingly engraved. He died November 15, 1834. James Heath was an associate engraver of the Royal Academy.—J. T—e.
HEATH, Nicholas, was born about the year 1500 in the city of London. He received his early education at St. Anthony's school, of which Sir Thomas More had been a pupil; and in 1519 graduated B.A. of Christ's college, Cambridge. Taking holy orders, he was instituted to the church of Hever in Kent; and after receiving other preferments became archdeacon of Stafford, almoner to the king, Henry VIII., who made him successively bishop of Rochester and of Worcester. In the reign of Edward, although he had opposed the measure, he was appointed one of the commissioners for carrying out the act for the use of the new book of Common Prayer. Refusing to sign the new ordination form, he was imprisoned and deprived of his bishopric. On the accession of Mary he was restored, translated to York, and the great seal was committed to him. Though the persecution of the protestants continued under his nominal auspices after the death of Gardiner, Mr. Foss, in his Lives of the Judges, hints that there is no evidence to connect him with the continuance of the Smithfield fires. On the death of Mary the archbishop announced the event to parliament and ordered the proclamation of Elizabeth, who, however, did not restore to him the great seal, although she retained him as a member of the privy council. He was one of the prelates who refused to "assist" at the coronation of the new sovereign, and in his place in the house of peers he vigorously opposed the act for the royal supremacy in a speech which has been preserved, and is an interesting memorial of the parliamentary oratory of the olden time. After the passing of the act he declined to take the oath, was once more deprived and committed to the Tower, from which he was released after a long imprisonment. He withdrew to his property at Chobham in Surrey, where he remained in studious tranquillity till his death in 1579.—F. E.
HEATHCOAT, John, was born in 1784 at Long Whatton in Leicestershire. His father, a small farmer, apprenticed him at an early age to a framesmith, with whom he acquired a practical knowledge of the mechanism of the stocking frame and warp machines. By the application of a clever apparatus to one of these machines, mitts of a lace-like appearance were produced, which first suggested to the ingenious inventor the idea of making lace by machinery. Having completed the term of his apprenticeship, he commenced business on his own account as a "setter up" of hosiery and warp frames in Nottingham, where in his leisure hours he pursued with untiring energy the design of constructing a machine that should simultaneously do the work of the pillow, of the multitudinous pins, threads, &c. This great conception, after wondrous efforts, was at length successfully perfected. Reward followed quickly on success: the first square yard of plain net was sold at £5. For the last twenty-five years the average price has been 5d. per yard. In 1816 the factory in which Mr. Heathcoat's business was carried on at Loughborough was attacked by the Luddites and the lace frames destroyed. This disaster led to the removal of the
