after the decapitation at Whitehall. At the Restoration Herbert was created a baronet by Charles II. In 1678, at the request of Dugdale, he wrote his "Threnodia Carolina, containing an historical account of the two last years of King Charles I.;" and a shorter account was furnished by him to Anthony Wood, who printed it in the Athenæ Oxonienses at the close of his notice of its author. There are several MS. recensions of the "Threnodia," which forms the chief basis of all narratives of the sayings and doings of Charles I. during the last years and days of his life, and is a truthful and sometimes touching composition. It was first published in 1702, and again, less completely, by Nicol in 1813. Herbert is said by Wood to have assisted Dugdale in the preparation of the third volume of the Monasticon Anglicanum.—F. E.
HERBERT, William, Earl of Pembroke, by several recent writers supposed to have been the "W. H." of Shakspeare's sonnets, was born at Wilton in the April of 1580, and went to New college, Oxford, in 1592. He succeeded his father in 1601, and received in 1604 the garter from King James, by whom six years afterwards he was appointed governor of Portsmouth. Clarendon has drawn an elaborate character of Lord Pembroke in his history, which gives the impression of a high-bred, accomplished, cultivated, and fascinating nobleman, a patron of learning and talent, who held a conspicuous position at court without being a courtier; indeed the Spanish match, on which James I. had set his heart, was earnestly opposed by his lord chamberlain, to which office Pembroke was appointed about 1626. "He was," says Lord Clarendon, "the most universally beloved and esteemed of any man of that age." Yet the panegyrist admits that he had his faults, and grave ones; Lord Pembroke in truth was an ardent voluptuary. He was elected chancellor of the university of Oxford in 1626, and Pembroke college is said to have been so named in honour of him. He died in London on the 10th April, 1630. In 1660 was published a small volume, with the title, "Poems written by William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, whereof many of which are answered by way of repartee by Benjamin Ruddier [Rudyard], knight, and several distinct poems written by him occasionally and apart." The theory identifying Lord Pembroke with the "W. H." of Shakspeare's sonnets led Hallam to examine the volume, when he detected such poems as Carew's Ask me no More and the Soul's Errand, printed as Pembroke's or Rudyard's. An examination of our own adds the well-known epitaph on the countess of Pembroke to the list; and the preliminary advertisement describing how the contents of the volume were procured, is of a kind which throws discredit on their genuineness. A religious treatise, Of the Internal and External Nature of Man, published in 1654, has also been ascribed to Lord Pembroke. That it was written by him is extremely improbable.—F. E.
HERBERT, William, an eminent contributor to our typographical history, born in the November of 1718, was originally a hosier in the metropolis, a business which he exchanged in his thirtieth year for the position of purser's clerk on board an East Indiaman. After encountering perils from the French and other adventures in the East Indies, he returned home and started in London as an engraver of charts, and printseller. Prospering, and marrying a wife with considerable property, he indulged a taste for collecting old books; and on the dispersion of Ames' materials in 1756 he bought the interleaved copy, with MS. additions, of the Typographical Antiquities. Retiring to Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, he devoted the labour of many years to a new and enlarged edition of Ames' work, the first volume appearing in 1785, the second in 1786, the third and last in 1790. The work was well received. He died in the March of 1795.—F. E.
HERBERSTEIN, Sigismund, Baron von, was born in 1486 in the castle of Wippach in Carniola. Being sent to school at Lonsbach, he there learnt a dialect of the Sclavonic language, which proved subsequently of great advantage to him. At twenty he entered the army, and in 1509 so greatly distinguished himself at the siege of Rasburg that he was taken into the immediate service of the emperor, who in 1514 for further services knighted him and admitted him into the imperial council. After this period he was employed more in civil than in military services, being sent on several diplomatic missions. In 1516 he set out on his first journey to Russia, being commissioned to mediate with the grand prince of Muscovy on behalf of Sigismund, king of Poland, whose designs on Hungary Maximilian wished to control by the marriage of his own granddaughter to Sigismund. On Maximilian's death in 1519 Herberstein went to Charles V. in Spain as the ambassador of Styria. His second journey to Poland and Russia took place in 1526, and is more fully described in his writings than the first. From 1527 to 1541 Herberstein was employed in innumerable political missions, having in view the securing Hungary to the house of Austria. He died in Vienna in 1566. The account of his two embassies to Russia, written by himself, was printed in Latin in 1549, and in English by the Hakluyt Society in 1851.—R. H.
HERBST, Johann Friderich Wilhelm, was born in 1743 at Petershagen in the principality of Minden. He entered the church, and was appointed preacher in several of the churches in Berlin, where he was considered as not inferior in oratory to the celebrated preacher Spalding. He is best known, however, as a naturalist, particularly devoting his attention to insects and Crustacea. He wrote several works upon these subjects, was member of several learned societies and academies, and travelled through great part of Germany, the Low Countries, France, Sweden, and Norway. He died in 1807.—W. B—d.
HERD, David, a Scottish antiquarian, was born in the parish of St. Cyrus in Kincardineshire about the year 1732, but spent the greater part of his unambitious but useful life in Edinburgh. He was for many years a clerk in the office of Mr. David Russell, accountant. His antiquarian and literary tastes brought him into close and friendly intercourse with the leading authors and artists of his time, by whom he was highly esteemed. His memory has been preserved mainly by his valuable collection of Scottish songs, which appeared in one volume in 1769, and subsequently in two volumes in 1772—"the first classical collection," as it is termed by Sir Walter Scott, who was much indebted in his Border Minstrelsy to a MS. of Mr. Herd's. He died unmanned in 1810.—J. T.
HERDER, Johann Gottfried von, was born on 25th August, 1744, at Mohrungen, a small town in Prussia Proper. His father, an indigent parochial schoolmaster, only allowed him to read the Bible and the book of hymns. A kind-hearted clergyman, however, with whom the poor boy acted as copyist, on perceiving his excellent parts, instructed him in Latin and Greek along with his own children. A Russian surgeon offered to take him to St. Petersburg and there to give him a medical education. He accepted the offer; but when for the first time assisting at a post mortem examination at Königsberg on their way to Russia, he swooned and immediately gave up the medical career. He remained at Königsberg and ardently devoted himself to the study of theology. In 1764 he obtained a mastership in the Riga cathedral school, which, however, he resigned in 1769 in order to return to Germany and to enlarge his knowledge by travelling. He had the good luck to be chosen travelling tutor to a prince of Holstein-Eutin, but was obliged to stop at Strasburg on account of a dangerous ophthalmia. Here he formed a lasting friendship with Göthe, over whom at that time he exercised a Mentor-like influence, as by some writings, particularly by his "Kritische Wälder," he had already won a position in literature. From Strasburg Herder was called to Bückeburg as superintendent and preacher to the court, and in 1775 was offered, on somewhat humiliating conditions, the chair of theology at Göttingen. He naturally hesitated to accept the offer, and on the very day when he was to fix his resolution, was appointed, by the interposition of his friend Göthe, superintendent-general and court-preacher at Weimar. He removed to this German Athens in October, 1776, and here was not only gradually raised to one of the highest positions, but became generally beloved and honoured as one of the great luminaries of the Weimar galaxy. Even a patent of nobility was conferred upon him by the elector of Bavaria. He died on the 18th December, 1803. Herder was one of the greatest geniuses in German literature; endowed with a vast erudition in all branches of learning he opened new paths in theology and philosophy, in poetry and literature. Learning, however, was to him but a means to the attainment of his great aim—the advancement of human happiness. In this respect his "Ideas for a Philosophy of the History of Mankind," 4 vols., 1784-91, must be considered as his opus magnum, in which all the energies of his mind are concentrated, and all the beams of his genius are blended together. So profound a thinker could not be but liberal. He ascended to the fountain-head of all poetry—to those national and popular songs which he transplanted from various lan-
