After leaving school at Chelmsford, he entered and became fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge. He settled in Coventry, where he was master of the free school, and practised as a physician. Here he executed a series of translations from classic authors, by which he acquired a considerable reputation. His versions include the works of Livy, the Natural History of Pliny, the works of Suetonius and Ammianus Marcellinus, the Morals of Plutarch, and the Cyropædia. He was also the translator of Camden's Britannia into English. His translations are not always either correct or elegant; but they have an air of originality about thein which makes them attractive. It is their style—quaint, vigorous, and idiomatic—which renders their perusal agreeable. Holland's Pliny is still our only English version. He died in 1636, leaving the reputation of being the most laborious of English translators.—B. H. C.
HOLLANDA, Francisco de, called also François de Hollande, a Portuguese architect, painter, and illuminator, born at Lisbon in 1517-18. His father, Antonio, was also an illuminator, and he instructed Francisco in his art. Francisco was a Portuguese Clovio. The King John III., to whom he was a cavalleiro fidalgo, sent him in 1538 to Italy, where he made the acquaintance of Michelangelo, Julio Clovio, Sebastian del Piombo, Vittoria Colonna, and others; he spent some years at Rome. In 1548 he wrote a book "On Ancient Painting" (De Pintura Antiga), dedicated in 1549 to King John III. of Portugal, but first published in a French translation by Count Raczynski in his work, Les Arts en Portugal, Paris, 1846, 8vo. In 1571 he wrote a work entitled "The Buildings which are wanting in Lisbon" (Fabrica que falece a Cidade de Lisboa). Of his architectural works, Francisco mentions a fortress which he built at Mazagao in Africa. The books of the choir of the convent of Thomar were illuminated by him, as also some for the monastery of Belem, now destroyed; and there is a work by him in the library of the Escurial containing portraits of distinguished men, and views and monuments in Italy. He acquired reputation as a portrait-painter, and was called the Lusitanian Apelles. He died at Lisbon, June 19, 1584.—R. N. W.
HOLLAR, Wenceslaus, an eminent engraver, whose etchings are of the highest value as illustrative of English history, biography, and topography in the seventeenth century, was born at Prague in 1607. He was intended for the law, but family misfortunes led him, whilst yet a boy, to turn his talent for drawing to account; and he eventually adopted engraving as a profession. His first prints, a "Christ and the Virgin" after Albert Dürer, and two others, were engraved when he was only eighteen. For some years he wandered through the principal towns of Germany making drawings and etchings; when, in 1636, he attracted the notice of the art-loving earl of Arundel, then ambassador to the Emperor Ferdinand II., who attached him to his household, and on his return brought him to England. The first prints Hollar executed in this country were two views of Greenwich (1637), which were followed by several royal portraits, etched for the account of the visit of Mary de Medicis to her daughter Queen Henrietta; and his "Ornatus Muliebris Anglicanus," a set of twenty-eight plates of the costumes of all classes of Englishwomen, a work highly prized by all interested in English manners, and of great value as a work of art. Hollar had been introduced by his patron to the king, who employed him to instruct the prince of Wales in design, and from Charles' munificence in all artistic matters. Hollar might now have fairly congratulated himself on the prospect of a prosperous career. But his good fortune was short-lived When king and parliament came to an open rupture. Hollar, as may be supposed, took the king's side. He was in Basing-house when it surrendered in 1645, and he only regained his liberty on condition of leaving the country. He retired to Antwerp, and there obtained a scanty living by working for booksellers. In 1652 he returned to England, where he remained till his death, March 28, 1677, with the exception of a journey to Africa to make drawings of Tangiers for Charles II. During these twenty-five years Hollar toiled with unceasing diligence, sketching remarkable buildings, scenes, and objects, and etching them with singular care and skill; engraving portraits of a large proportion of the royal and distinguished men of the day; illustrations of current events, costumes, &c.; besides more pretentious plates after pictures by Dutch and Flemish masters; and a few spirited prints of animals, &c. He was ready, in short, to do whatever booksellers gave him to do; but whatever he did, he did well. His etchings are many of them admirable; with the graver alone he was less successful. Virtue's catalogue contains a list of nearly two thousand four hundred prints by him. But with all his industry he was always in penury. The booksellers, according to Oldys, paid him only fourpence an hour for his work; yet so scrupulous was he in performing his task that he used to lay his hour-glass on its side whilst he talked with any one—even though it were a bookseller about the plate he was engaged on. At length, in his seventieth year, when he could work no more, as he lay stricken down with his final illness, the bailiffs came to him with an execution; and the old man could only entreat as his last petition that, instead of carrying him to jail, they would suffer him to die there on his own bed. It is probable that his prayer was granted, as the parish register shows that he was buried in New Chapel Yard, St. Margarets, Westminster, the nearest resting-place to his old dwelling. Many of Hollar's prints are now very rare, and fetch high prices.—J T—e.
HOLLES, Denzil, Lord, an English statesman, who held a conspicuous place in the ranks of the parliament during the great civil war, was the second son of John, first earl of Clare, and was born in 1597. In his youthful years he was a companion of Prince Charles, but though brought up in the atmosphere of the court, his patriotic principles led him to join the popular party, in which he soon became a leader. He sat as member for the Cornish borough of St. Michaels in the last parliament of James I., and united with Sir John Eliot and other patriots in resisting the unconstitutional proceedings of the king and his unworthy favourite, Buckingham. In 1627 he was returned for Dorchester, and took a leading part in the impeachment of Buckingham, and in resisting the illegal policy of the court. In the subsequent sessions of parliament he cordially supported the liberal party in all their efforts to obtain the redress of grievances; and in 1629, when the Speaker refused to put to the vote Sir John Eliot's remonstrance against the illegal levying of tonnage and poundage, and against popish and arminian innovations. Holles read the resolutions, and was one of two members who forcibly held the Speaker in the chair till they were passed. After the dissolution of the parliament, which immediately followed, he was summoned before the privy council, and committed to the Tower; his house was forcibly entered, and his papers seized by the king's warrant. He was ultimately prosecuted in the king's bench, and condemned to pay a fine of 1000 merks, to be imprisoned during the king's pleasure, and to give security, and to make acknowledgment of his offence before his release. He with difficulty obtained his liberty after remaining a prisoner in the Tower more than twelve months. The proceedings against him were subsequently condemned both by the lords and commons as illegal, and as a violation of parliamentary privilege and freedom. Holles was a member of the Long parliament which met in 1640, and was regarded as the leader of the presbyterian party. He took no part in the proceedings against Strafford, prevented probably by his relationship to that minister, who was his brother-in-law; but he was concerned in the unjustifiable impeachment of Laud. Holles was one of the "five members," as they were called, whom Charles accused of high treason in January, 1642, and attempted to arrest in their places in the house of commons. He was selected to impeach, at the bar of the house of lords, nine peers who had followed the king to York, and refused to return when summoned by the parliament. When hostilities broke out between the king and the parliament. Holles commanded a regiment in the parliamentary army, and fought with distinguished courage at Edgehill and Brentford, where his soldiers, "stout men all," did good service; and he was appointed governor of the important town of Bristol. He seems at an early period of the war to have contracted a dislike to Cromwell, whom he wished to impeach as an incendiary, and endeavoured to thwart his designs by promoting a treaty with the king. In 1644 he acted as a commissioner, along with the earl of Denbigh, Whitelock, and others, in waiting upon his majesty at Oxford with propositions for peace, and afterwards took part in the negotiations at Uxbridge, which, however, came to nothing. In 1647 he made a motion for disbanding the army, but Cromwell and his party were now too strong to be thus dismissed by their former masters; and Holles and other leaders of the presbyterians were obliged to make their escape into France. After their flight a charge of treason was brought against them. Holles returned to England in the following year, and resumed his seat in parliament. He
