who maintained that a single will animated the two natures of the Saviour, drew attention to another quarter. Sergius, patriarch of Constantinople, having avowed that offshoot of the older Eutychian heresy, Honorius corresponded with him and some of his opponents, reproving the public discussion of such metaphysical subtleties. Some of the pontiff's expressions, however—e.g. unus operator Christus in utrisque naturis—were viewed as favouring monothelism, and condemnation was afterwards pronounced upon them in the sixth council of Constantinople; but it may be questioned if he meant to affirm more than a unity of purpose in the twofold nature of Christ. He died in 638.
Honorius II. was the title assumed by Cadalous, bishop of Parma, when the imperial party nominated him to the papal chair in 1061; but he was not acknowledged by the church; and the person now known as Honorius II. was Cardinal Lamberto, bishop of Ostia, who was elected by the conclave in 1124. His claim to the tiara was for some time disputed by Theobald, who had been chosen by an episcopal council. The latter, however, withdrew from the contest, and the recognition of his rival became general. Honorius was afterwards involved in a dispute with Roger, count of Sicily, who ventured to besiege the pontiff in Benevento, and ultimately procured by more amicable negotiations his investiture as duke of Apulia and Calabria. In the dispute between Lothaire and Conrad for the crown of Italy, Honorius favoured the former. He died in 1130.
Honorius III. was the name under which Cardinal Cencio Savelli succeeded Innocent III. in 1216. He was a warm supporter of St. Dominic, and issued a circular to the churches in favour of the preaching friars. Cardinal Bertrand was commissioned by him, with legatine powers, to press the war against the count of Toulouse and the Albigenses. This pontiff was very unpopular among the people of Rome, whose disaffection compelled him more than once to leave the city. Nor did his efforts to promote a crusade against the Mussulmans greatly prosper. Frederick II. of Germany received investiture from him under engagement to bear the standard of the cross to the East; but the emperor put off the execution of the enterprise on various pretexts till the death of Honorius in 1227.
Honorius IV., also a cardinal of the house of Savelli, succeeded Martin IV. in 1285. He supported Charles of Anjou in Sicily, and went so far as to proclaim the contest against his Spanish opponents a holy war. A bull was issued by him to repress the disorders arising out of the practices of the mendicant friars; and the enthusiastic Raymond Lull repaired to Rome in 1287 to procure his authorization of schools in all the monasteries for training missionaries to convert the Saracens; but Honorius had died before his arrival.—W. B.
HONORIUS of Autun, called the Solitary, flourished in the former part of the twelfth century. Little is known of his life; but various works which bear his name are extant. He was a decided advocate of papal pretensions, but seems to have been pious. Some of his works are both curious and valuable, as, for example, his "Elucidarium." He probably died soon after 1130.—B. H. C.
HONTHORST, Gerard, known in Italy as Gherardo dalle Notti, from his night pieces, was born at Utrecht in 1592, and was the pupil of A. Bloemart. He studied also in Rome, and adopted the prevailing Italian taste of the seventeenth century, imitating the forcible manner of Guercino. Honthorst was one of the artists employed by Charles I., and was the favourite painter of Charles' sister, the queen of Bohemia; he was also painter to the prince of Orange. He died at the Hague in 1660. Some of Honthorst's works, portraits, may be seen at Hampton Court. He was the master of Sandrart, the German Vasari, who has given an account of this painter in his remarkable work the Academia Todesca.—R. N. W.
HOOD, Alexander, Lord Bridport, a distinguished naval officer, was the younger brother of Admiral Lord Hood. He entered the navy at an early age, and after giving many proofs of his courage, activity, and skill in subordinate situations, attained the rank of post-captain in 1756. In January, 1761, when in command of the Minerva of 32 guns, after a "severe conflict he recaptured the Warrior of 60 guns, a British man-of-war which had fallen into the hands of the French. In 1778 he was appointed to the command of the Robuste, 74, and took part in the undecided battle which the British fleet under Admiral Keppell fought with the French off Ushant. He attained the rank of rear-admiral in 1780, and two years later was made second in command of the fleet under Lord Howe, sent to relieve Gibraltar. He greatly distinguished himself in the glorious victory which that commander gained on the 1st of June, 1794. His flagship, the Royal George, suffered severely in that conflict, having had her first lieutenant, master, two midshipmen, and eighty men killed or wounded, and for a time she became almost unmanageable. On Lord Howe's resignation on account of ill health in 1795, Admiral Hood was left in command of the Channel fleet. On the 22nd of June he descried, near Belleisle, a French fleet under Admiral Villaret de Joyeuse, and after a chase which lasted eleven hours, brought them to action and captured three of their ships. The rest of the fleet escaped into L'Orient. In the following year he was formally appointed successor to Lord Howe, and was successively raised to the Irish and English peerages by the titles of Baron and Viscount Bridport (16th March, 1796, and 10th June, 1801). His lordship held the command of the principal fleet of Great Britain when the mutiny at Spithead broke out; and after the ill-treated seamen were induced by the exertions of Lord Howe to return to their allegiance, he resumed his station off Brest. Lord Bridport died at Bath, 3rd May, 1817, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. The title is now extinct.—J. T.
HOOD, Robin. See Robin Hood.
HOOD, Samuel, Viscount, a distinguished English admiral, was the son of the Rev. Samuel Hood, vicar of Butley in Somersetshire, and was born there December 12, 1724. He was sent to sea at the age of sixteen, and entered as a midshipman on board the Romney, 64. He attained the rank of lieutenant in 1746, became a master and commander in 1754, and three years later was appointed to the command of the Antelope of 50 guns, in which he captured the Belliqueux, a French 64 gunship. In 1759, in the Vestal of 32 guns, he took the Bellona, a frigate of equal force, bound from Martinico to Brest. As a reward for this exploit, he received the command of the Africa of 64 guns. He was engaged in the bombardment of Havre, under Rodney, and displayed his courage and abilities on various occasions, while serving during three years in the Mediterranean under Admiral Saunders. In 1768 he was appointed to the command on the Boston station. In 1778 he was nominated commissioner of the dockyards at Portsmouth, and a baronetcy was conferred upon him. Two years later he was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral, and was sent to the West Indies to reinforce the squadron under Admiral Rodney. Ill health having compelled that distinguished officer to return home, the command of the fleet devolved upon Sir Samuel, who shortly after sailed to the American coast, where the war was then raging between Great Britain and her colonies. Having learned that the French were besieging the island of St. Christophers, he bore away for that place in the hope of being able to throw in succour. By a bold and dexterous manœuvre he induced the Count de Grasse, who commanded a greatly superior force, to leave his anchorage ground, and thus to separate from the French troops on shore. The position thus quitted was promptly occupied by the English admiral, who gallantly repulsed three separate attacks by which De Grasse attempted to recover his lost anchorage ground. But this exploit only delayed and could not prevent the surrender of the island, which took place three weeks later (February 13, 1782). Rodney soon after returned from England with recovered health, and determined to bring the enemy to action. A partial and indecisive cannonade took place on the 9th April, the brunt of which fell upon the British van commanded by Hood, whose ship, the Barfleur, had at one time seven antagonists. In the great and decisive action of the 12th his courage and skill were conspicuously displayed. The Ville de Paris, the flagship of the Count de Grasse, and four other large men-of-war, were taken; one was sunk; and two more, with two frigates, were afterwards captured by Sir Samuel in their retreat. For these important services Hood was rewarded with an Irish peerage. Soon after this he became a candidate for the representation of Westminster in the room of Admiral Rodney, but failed in the attempt. He was returned at the head of the poll, however, along with Fox, in the memorable election of 1784, which lasted for six weeks. He lost his seat on being made a lord of the admiralty in 1788, but he regained it in 1790. On the breaking out of the French revolutionary war in 1793 he was appointed to command the Mediterranean fleet, and Toulon was surrendered to him by the French royalists in that city. After a long siege, however, the
