ECOiVOMIC$ IN ANCIENT I17DIA 645 obtained in barter, ?he superi'n?enden? will find ou? (by calculation) whether there is any margin left for profit after meeting the payments (to the foreign king) such as ?he ?oll (sulka), road-cess (var?ani), conveyance- cess (a?ivanika), ?ax payable a? military s?a?ions (gul- madeya), ferry-charges (?.aradeya), subsistence merchan? and his followers (bhak?a), and ?he portion of merchandise payable to ?he foreign king (bhaga). He shall also ga?her information as ?o conveyance- charges (yan'abhaga), subsistence on ?he way (pa?hya- dana), value of foreign merchandise ?ha? can be obtained i? bar?er for local merchandise? occasions of pilgrimages (ya?rakala), means ?ha? can be employed to ward off dangers (of ?he journey), and ?he his- tory of commercial ?owns (panyapa?anachari?ra). Having gathered information as ?o ?he ?ransac?ion in commercial ?owns along ?he banks of rivers, he shall ?ranspor? his merchandise ?o profitable marke?s and avoid unprofitable ones." In another passage ?he i?ems governing marke? prices have been mentioned as:-- (1) Expenses incurred in manufacturing articles. (2) The quan?i?y manufactured. (3) The amoun? of ?olls and ?axes. (4) In?eres? on ?he outlay. (5) Charges of ?ranspor?a?ion. (6) O?her Muds of accessory expenditure. (?) Changes due ?o ?ime. (8) Changes due ?o place secure ?he thrown B?/c?s--Kau?ilya has advised kings to gains of monopoly,. and has incidentally ligh? on ?he ?heory of monopoly prices. "If any particular commodity be in abundance," we read, "its whole stock should be controlled by the Com- missioner of commerce who should fix a price for is See p, ?$1, Eng, Trans.
