penstock and the guides or leading curves near the wheel, except from the friction of the water against the walls of the passages. It is not to be supposed that the construction is so perfect as to avoid all loss, except from friction; but there is, without doubt, a distinct advantage in this arrangement over that which had been usually adopted, and where no attempt had been made to avoid sudden changes of direction and velocity.
10. The guides, or leading curves, are not perpendicular, but a little inclined backwards from the direction of the motion of the wheel, so that the water, descending with a spiral motion, meets only the edges of the guides. This leaning of the guides has also another valuable effect; when the regulating gate is raised only a small part of the height of the wheel, the guides do not completely fulfil their office of directing the water, the water entering the wheel more nearly in the direction of the radius, than when the gate is fully raised; by leaning the guides, it will be seen that the ends of the guides, near the wheel, are inclined, the bottom part standing further forward, and operating more efficiently in directing the water, when the gate is partially raised, than if the guides were perpendicular.
11. In Fourneyron's constructions, a garniture is attached to the regulating gate, and moves with it, for the purpose of diminishing the contraction; this, considered apart from the mechanical difficulties, is probably the best arrangement; to be perfect, however, theoretically, this garniture should be of different forms for different heights of gate; but this is evidently impracticable.
In the Appleton Turbine, the garniture is attached to the guides, the gate (at least the lower part of it) being a simple thin cylinder. By this arrangement, the gate meets with much less obstruction to its motion than in the old arrangement, unless the parts are so loosely fitted as to be objectionable; and it is believed that the coefficient of effect, for a partial gate, is proportionally as good as under the old arrangement.
12. On the outside of the wheel is fitted an apparatus named, by Mr. Boyden, the Diffuser. The object of this extremely interesting invention, is to render useful a part of the power otherwise entirely lost, in consequence of the water leaving the wheel with a considerable velocity. It consists, essentially, of two stationary rings or discs, placed concentrically with the wheel, having an interior diameter a very little larger than the exterior diameter of the wheel; and an exterior diameter equal to about twice that of the wheel; the height between the discs, at their interior circumference, is a very little greater than that of the orifices in the exterior circumference of the wheel, and at the exterior circumference of the discs, the height between them is about twice as great as at the interior circumference; the form of the surfaces connecting the interior and exterior circumferences of the discs, is gently rounded, the first elements of the curves, near the interior circumferences, being nearly horizontal. There is con-
