and to rest the projecting parts upon corresponding parts of a box. A proper fit is secured by lining the box, which is of cast-iron, with babbitt metal, a soft metallic composition consisting, principally, of tin; the cast-iron box is made with suitable projections and recesses to support and retain the soft metal, which is melted and poured into it, the shaft being at the same time in its proper position in the box. It will readily be seen that a great amount of bearing surface can be easily obtained by this mode, and also, what is of equal importance, it may be near the axis; the lining metal, being soft, yields a little if any part of the bearing should receive a great excess of weight. The cast-iron box is suspended on gimbals, similar to those usually adopted for mariners' compasses and chronometers, which arrangement permits the box to oscillate freely in all directions, horizontally, and prevents, in a great measure, all danger of breaking the shaft at the necks, in consequence of imperfections in the workmanship, or in the adjustments. Several years' experience has shown, that this arrangement, carefully constructed, is all that can be desired; and that a bearing thus constructed, is as durable, and can be as readily oiled, and taken care of, as any of the ordinary bearings in a manufactory.
14. The buckets are secured to the crowns of the wheel in a novel, and much more perfect manner, than had been previously used; the crowns are first turned to the required form, and made smooth; by ingenious machinery devised for the purpose, grooves are cut with great accuracy in the crowns, of the exact curvature of the buckets; mortices are cut through the crowns, in several places in each groove; the buckets, or floats, are made with corresponding tenons, which project through the crowns, and are riveted on the bottom of the lower crown, and on the top of the upper crown; this construction gives the requisite strength and firmness, with buckets of much thinner iron than was necessary under any of the old arrangements; it also leaves the passages through the wheel entirely free from injurious obstructions.
15. Mr. Boyden has also designed a large number of turbines for different manufacturing establishments in New England, many of them under contracts similar to that with the Appleton Company, and has accumulated a vast number of valuable experiments and observations upon them, which, it is to be hoped, he will find time to prepare for publication; as such opportunities but rarely occur to engineers so able to profit by them.
16. In the year 1849, the Manufacturing Companies at Lowell purchased of Mr. Boyden, the right to use all his improvements relating to turbines and other hydraulic motors. Since that time it has devolved upon the author, as the chief engineer of these companies, to design and superintend the construction of such turbines as might be wanted for their manufactories, and to aid him in this important undertaking, Mr. Boyden has communicated to him copies of many of his designs for turbines, together
