ii. hwde is not used for ' take ' generally, but is an exclamation accompanying an offer, cf. Gwell un hwde no deu a8aw B.B. 968 ' better one "take this" than two promises' ; hence possibly hw for *hwy 78 ii < *s(u)oi 'for (thy) self the reflexive *sue- being used orig. for all persons. In that case -dy or -de is the ordinary affixed pron. (= B.B. -de, 160 iv (3), used because hw was taken for a verb), or is perhaps voc. ; hwdy di then is *hw dydt. The S.W. hwre is late, M.IL. ii 108 (not by him, see do. 319).
moes < *moi esto(d) 75 ii (2) ' be it to me ', i.e. ' let me have it ' ; cf. est mihi ' I have '. If so, i mi ' to me ' after it is redundant ; but its frequent omission makes this probable.
Verbal Stems.
§ 201. i. The pres. stem of the \V. verb, from which in regular verbs the aor. and subj. stems can be regularly deduced, may be called the stem of the verb. It is found by dropping the -of of the ist sg. pres. ind. The ending -of, as we have seen, comes from ~Brit.*-ame for unaccented *-dmi, which is sometimes original, and represents Ar. *-d~mi or *-o-mi ; but -of was often substituted for -if < Brit. *-l-me < Ar. *-e-w,and for the affection caused by Brit. *-u < Ar. *-o, the ending in thematic verbs. The W. verbal stem represents—
(1) F-grade of V, as in cymer-af 'I take', ad-fer-af 'I restore', Vbher- : Lat. fero, Gk. <cpo>. So rhed-af 'I run', gwared-af 'I succour ', eh-ed-af ' I fly ', etc.
(2) F-grade of V , as in gwan-af l I wound' < *gwon-, IT. gonim, Vg*hen- : Gk. <}>ovd<a. So pob-af I bake ', a-gor-af ' I open ' 99 vi, etc.
(3) R-grade of V, as in dyg-af 'I bring' < *duk- 182 ii (2); also V-grade, as in co-sp-af ' I punish ', Ir. co-sc-aim < *con-sq*- (' talk with '), Vseq*- ' say '. (Though in rho-dd-af ' I give ' the dd appears to be V-grade of Vdo-, in reality -ddaf represents Ar. *-do-mi with F-grade, as in Gk. Si'&o/u.)
(4) R-grade of V with w-infix, as in gann-af ' I am contained ' <*ghnd- 173iv(i), V yhed- : E. get ; andin^wnTi'Iknow' <*uind-, Vueid- 191 iii (i). W. prynaf ' I buy ' < *q*rina~mi ) V<j*reia.- 179 iii (i). The infix comes before the last cons, of the root, and is syllabic (-ne~) before a sonant ; the last cons, in *q*reia- is (a=c#), and before 9 the syllable is -na~ 63 v (2), hence *q*rina- ; cf. Gk. Dor. dámhami, Vdema-.
(5) R-grade of V + j, as in seini-af ' I sound '< *st e n-f i -, Vsten- ; sain ' a sound ' is an old v.n., cf. darstain ' to resound ' 156 i (13).
(6) V-grade of V + *ii > W. -y8-, as in b~yS-af 189 iv (i); and
gweiny-af K.P. 1244 'I serve', 3rd sg. gweinyB do. 1238, gioeinySa
