iii. The stems of denominatives are formed in W. either without a suffix, or with the suffixes ‑ỿch‑, ‑yg‑, ‑ha‑, ‑ho‑ or ‑i̯‑; thus—
(1) Without a suffix: bwyd-af ‘I feed’, v.n. bwyd‑o, from bwyd ‘food’; meddiann‑af ‘I take possession’, v.n. ‑u, from meddiant ‘possession’; pur‑af ‘I purify’, v.n. ‑o, from pur ‘pure’; arfog‑af ‘I arm’, v.n. ‑i, from arfog ‘armed’.
(2) Suff. ‑ỿch‑ as in brad‑ỿch‑af ‘I betray’, v.n. bradychu, from brad ‘treason’; chwenỿchaf ‘I desire’, v.n. chwenychu Ỻ.A. 13, whenychu r.b.b. 89, chwennych D.G. 91, from chwant ‘desire’; tewỿch‑af ‘I fatten’, v.n. ‑u, from tew ‘fat’; on the suff. see i (7).
The relation between this and the abstr. noun ending ‑wch § 143 iii (23) is seen in pas ‘cough’ < *quəst- (: O.E. hwōsta), pesychaf ‘I cough’, pesychu ‘to cough’, peswch ‘coughing’; the last is a suffixless v.n., and is still used as a v.n. in S.W. dialects. Ar. *‑isq- > *‑ɥu̯χ > ‑wch § 96 iii (4), § 26 vi (5).
diolwch ‘to thank’ w.m. 11, ‘thanks’ do. 34, became diolch ‘to thank’ r.b.b. 134, ‘thanks’ do. 10, and *diolỿchaf ‘I thank’ became diolchaf w.m. 104 even earlier; diolwch < *dē-i̯āl‑isq‑: W. i̯olaf ‘I praise’, v.n., i̯oli, eiri̯olaf ‘I entreat’, v.n. eiri̯awl < *ar-i̯āl‑; Kelt. *i̯āl- ‘speak fervently’ < Ar. *jāl- ‘fervent’: Gk. ζῆλος, Dor. ζᾶλος ‘zeal’.
(3) Suff. ‑ỿg‑, as in gwaethỿg‑af ‘I become worse’, v.n. ‑u, from gwaeth ‘worse’; mawrỿg‑af ‘I extol’, v.n. ‑u, from mawr ‘great’.
The suff. is prob. a variant of ‑ỿch- after th, ll, cf. ‑wg § 143 iii (23). The stem-form of Ml. W. gwellygẏaw from gwall ‘defect’ has been influenced by the synonymous diffygẏaw < Lat. dē-fici‑.
(4) Suff. ‑ha‑; the ‑h- unvoiced ‑b, ‑d, ‑g and often ‑f, ‑ẟ § 111 iii. It has various uses:
(a) ‘to seek’, added to nouns, forming v.n.’s without a v.n. ending: cardóta ‘to beg’ (cardod ‘charity’); blóta ‘to beg meal’ (blawd ‘meal’); cíca ‘to beg meat’ (cig ‘meat’); ỿ́ta ‘to beg corn’ (ɥ̂d ‘corn’); pysgóta ‘to fish’ (pysgod ‘fish’); cneua ‘to gather nuts’ (cnau ‘nuts’); adára ‘to go bird-catching’ (adar ‘birds’); cynúta ‘to gather fuel’ (cynnud ‘fuel’); llygóta ‘to catch mice’ (llygod ‘mice’); gwréica ‘to seek a wife’ (gwraig ‘wife’); lloffa ‘to glean’ (llaw(f) ‘hand’), etc. None of these has a corresponding verb, § 204 i; but many have a nomen agentis in ‑hai, as blótai, cynútai § 143 iv (2).
