keep’, E. heed, Lat. cassis; galw̯ ‘to call’ < *gal-u̯en, √ꬶal‑: Lat. gallus, E. call. For two of these v.n.’s, by‑w̯ and mar‑w̯, no verbs were formed § 204 ii.
Though the classes remained distinct, a v.n. of one class was liable to pass over to the other; thus merw̯i p 12/124 r. ‘to die’.—From Brit. *lānos (<*pl̥̄no‑s § 63 vii (2)) ‘full’, a v.n. *lā́n-u̯en would give *llawnw̯, from which may come *llanw r.m. 94, llenwi w.m. 23, r.m. 15, llewni r.m. 175.—arddelw̯ (now arddel) for arddelw̯i.
Stems ending in ‑aw are similarly divided: suffixless adaw § 201 ii (2), gwrandaw do. i (8), taraw i (2) above;—with ‑i, tewi, distewi only (taraw having gone over to the other class). D.G. uses distawu 165, and Mn.W. croesawaf has croesawu.
(2) stems having oe or o, whether the latter be original o or a mutation of aw; thus oedi, troelli, oeri, poethi; llonni from llonn ‘merry’, cronni from crawn ‘hoard’; torri, cyflogi, arfogi.
Some stems having o take no suffix, as dangos, anfon, adrodd i (1). Ml. W. agori w.m. 59, 60, r.m. 42, a.l. i 498, D.G. 134, Can. v 5 is later agoryd M.K. [30], Dat. iii 20, or agor M.K. [32], b.cw. 56 (agori r.m. 174 with punctum delens, ? late).
(3) some stems having a, which is affected to e; as erchi, vb. archaf; peri, vb. paraf; sengi, vb. sangaf; perchi, vb. parchaf; defni, vb. dafnaf.
mynegi, Ml. W. menegi, and trengi are stems with a; in Ml. and Early Mn. W. the verbs are managaf and trangaf; but in Late Mn. W. the e of the v.n. has intruded into the vb., and mynegaf, trengaf are the usual forms.—In b.b. 8 delli (ll ≡ l‑l) occurs for the usual daly, dala iv (1).—defni is also an abstr. noun ‘dropping’ Diar. xix 13, xxvii 15; and is often taken for a pl. ofdqfii e.g. I.MSS. 232; v.n. defni IL.A. 23.
§ 203. Verbal nouns are also formed by means of other suffixes, as follows:
i. (1) ‑aeth in marchogaeth § 201 iii (4) (b), and Early Ml. W. gwasanaeth ‘to attend, serve’, later gwasanaethu.
Ef a ẟely guassanayth ar e vre[nhines] … Ny ẟely ef eyste, … namyn guasanayth oy sevyll b.ch. 22 ‘He is to attend on the queen. He is not to sit but to serve standing’. In both these examples Aneurin Owen prints guas(s)anaythu a.l. i 54, 56. In 60 he gives guasanaeth correctly, with ‑u as the reading of mss. C.D.E. In Late Ml. W. gwassanaethu r.m. 174 is the form used. See § 201 ii (1).
‑aeth became an abstr. noun suffix § 143 iii (2). Thus a lost verb *hir-há-af ‘I long’ had a v.n. hiraeth ‘*to long’ which came to mean ‘longing’; from this was formed the denom. hiraethaf ‘I long’ with v.n. hiraethu ‘to long’.
