NOTES AND QUERIES. [11 s. vii. Ara 12,1013. third century. The earliest instance of
- = « I remember at the moment is in
x Berliner Griechische Urkunden,' 423, of
the second century, where /? ULTIKOV = viaticum
occurs in a letter written from Italy. That
the date is determined merely by the hand
robs the evidence of some of its value for
•our purpose, and certainly the equivalence
ov=« is the prevailing one in the second
century, the instance of 0=v just quoted
being the only exception I remember,
though there may be other isolated examples.
By the fourth century [i = v had become
completely established. The use of ou
does, indeed, occur sporadically after (3
has become usual ; but this is no doubt to
be explained by supposing that words in
which it occurs had been borrowed at a period
when v still retained its w sound. This is
well seen in ' Berl. Gr. Urk.,' 316, written at
Ascalon in A.D. 359, where we get 4>A(aouios)
KaTO.<f>pa,KTapitav, and Bdpiov ( = Variutn)
rpiftovvov. Vexillatio had been taken over
early, and still retained its ou spelling.
Not, indeed, for ever ; even in an earlier
papyrus, P. Gen. 62, dated in A.D. 346, we
get /3t£iAaTiWo«. The change of pronuncia-
tion is again illustrated by the word vicarius.
In A.D. 161 (' Berl. Gr. Urk.,' 102) we get
(
Greek characters), in later times /Jnca/nos is the
invariable form. So, too, ' Berl. Gr. Urk.,'
600 (A.D. 120-140), has ouq£tAA.(<mWos)
((KaLTovrttplaif;) OviKTOpos ( = Victoria) ;
but in the Byzantine period Bucrwp is the
invariable form. The name Flavins is
an exception ; it was in all periods trans-
literated 4>Xaot'tos or (fairly often in the
sixth and seventh centuries) 4>Aai'ios, though
4>Aa/3ios may possibly occur now and again.
I certainly remember a ^fXaftia = Flavia as
the name of a legion.
Schubart has recently published in Klio
(xiii. Heft 1) a Latin-Greek-Coptic conversa-
tion-book of the sixth century, in which the
j8=w equivalence is established without
challenge. Ve find here such spellings (the
Greek script is used for all three languages)
as (Greek characters) = vu2tia, (Greek characters)= vos. Interesting
for the pronunciation of qu (see, e.g., 10 S.
ix. 353) are such transliterations as KOVO& =
quod,
In view of the above evidence, I do not
think it can admit of a doubt that in the
classical period v was pronounced w. What-
ever discount we must allow for scribal
conservatism (and this applies less than in
most cases, for in the majority of instances
we have to do with Greek scribes, ignorant
of Latin, and writing Latin words phonetic-
ally), this w pronunciation must have con-
tinued in use till at least Well into the
second century. It may be very regrettable
that Caesar should have said " Waynee,
weedee, weekee," but however much we
may disapprove, we must allow that ho
did so.
In conclusion, I may call attention to
Wessely's article ' Die lateinischen Elements
in der Grazitat der agyptischen Papyrus-
urkunden' in " Wiener Studien," xxiv.,
p. 99 ff. This contains a very full list of
Latin words found in Greek papyri pub-
lished up to the date of the article. The list
could now be extended. H. I. B.
A LINK WITH THE PAST : BURIAL OF
ARTHUR HALLAM.—On 1 March, 1913,
there died at Clevedon Mr. George Leo,
F.R.H.S., who, if he had lived to 21 March,
Would have celebrated thereon his ninety-
sixth birthday. It may be considered
worthy of record in ' N. & Q.' that he was
a witness of the funeral of Arthur Hallam
in 1833, and that, according to The Clevedon
Mercury, there is still living another resident
of Clevedon who was also a witness of it.
This paper says, in its issue of 8 March,
1913, that Arthur Hallam's funeral was " a
most impressive spectacle." Mr. George
Lee's
" futher, who was one of the bearers, had inforinoil
his son that the coffin weighed about (i cwt.,
and that they had a most difficult task to low r
it into the vault at the Parish Church."
Mr. Lee was a market gardener and florist,
and was described by the same paper in
March, 1878, as
" the cultivator of the now celebrated ' Victoria
Rcgina ' violet, a flower which is matchless both
in its beauty and perfume."
PENRY LEWIS.
Quisisana, Walton by Clevedon.
FIRST MENTION OP JEWS IN IRELAND.—
The first mention of Jews in Ireland appears
to be that recorded in ' The Annals of Innis-
fallen,' anno 1079 : " Four Jews came over
sea, and gifts with them, to Thurnlougli,
and they were driven back over sea." The
date would seem to imply that these Jews
were amongst those brought over from
Rouen by William I.
From an entry in the Pipe Rolls, it
appears that the expedition of Strongbow
to Ireland in 1170, which later led to the
conquest of the island, was financed by a
Jew, one Josce of Gloucester.
WILLIAM MACARTHUR.
