and other discouraging circumstances among the Romans, their slaves were often their rarest artists. They excelled, too, in science, insomuch as to be usually employed as tutors to their master's children. Epictetus, Diogenes, Phaedon, Terence, and Phædrus, were slaves. But they were of the race of whites. It is not their condition then, but Nature, which has produced the distinction. Whether further observation will or will not verify the conjecture, that Nature has been less bountiful to them in the endowments of the head, I believe that in those of the heart she will be found to have done them justice. That disposition to theft with which they have been branded, must be ascribed to their situation, and not to any depravity of the moral sense. The man, in whose favor no laws of property exist, probably feels himself less bound to respect those made in favor of others. When arguing for ourselves, we lay it down as a fundamental, that laws to be just must give a reciprocation of right; that, without this, they are mere arbitrary rules of conduct, founded in force, and not in conscience; and it is a problem which I give to the master to solve, whether the religious precepts against the violation of property were not framed for him as well as his slave? And whether the slave may not as justifiably take a little from one who has taken all from him, as he may slay one who would slay him? That a change in the relations in which a man is placed should change his ideas of moral right and wrong, is neither new nor peculiar to the color of the blacks. Homer tells us it was so 2,600 years ago:
| Ἠμισυ γαρ τ᾽ ἀρετῆς ἀποαίνυται εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς |
| Ἀνερος, ευτ᾽ ἄν μιν κατὰ δούλιον ἦμαρ ἕλῃσιν. Od. 17. 323. |
| Jove fix'd it certain, that whatever day |
| Makes man a slave, takes half his worth away. |
But the slaves of which Homer speaks were whites.
Notwithstanding these considerations, which must weaken their
respect for the laws of property, we find among them numerous
instances of the most rigid integrity, and as many as
among their better instructed masters, of benevolence, grati-
