474 Oiitlines of Europe mi History armed incursions into Syria. Moreover, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries towns were rapidly growing up in Europe, trade and manufactures were extending, and the universities were being founded. It would be absurd to suppose that with- out the Crusades this progress w^ould not have taken place. So we may conclude that the distant expeditions and the con- tact with strange and more highly civilized peoples did no more than hasten the improvement which was already perceptible before Urban made his ever-memorable address at Clermont. QUESTIONS Section 78. What led to the Crusades.'* Describe Urban's speech. What was the character of Peter the Hermit's expedition ? Section 79. Who were the leaders of the First Crusade? Describe the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. Section 80. Who were the Hospitalers? What was the order of the Temple and what became of the Templars ? Section 81. What was the Second Crusade? Give some par- ticulars in regard to the Third Crusade and its leaders. Section 82. Give as complete an account as you can of the chief results of the Crusades.
