The Wars of Religion 649 The next spring Gustavus entered Bavaria and once more Wallenstein defeated Tilly (who was mortally wounded in the battle) and "^^^^ ^ forced Munich to surrender. There seemed now to be no rea- son why he should not continue his progress to Vienna. At this juncture the Emperor recalled Wallenstein, who collected a new army over which he was given absolute command. After some delay Gustavus met Wallenstein on the field of Liitzen, Gustavus in November, 1632, where, after a fierce struggle, the Swedes kiliecfa"^ gained the victory. Bwt they lost their leader and Protestantism LUtzen, 1632 its hero, for the Swedish king ventured too far into the lines of the enemy and was surrounded and killed. The Swedes did not, however, retire from Germany, but Murder of continued to participate in the war, which now degenerated into a series of raids by leaders whose soldiers depopulated the land by their unspeakable atrocities. Wallenstein, who had long been detested by even the Catholics, was deserted by his soldiers and murdered (in 1634), to the great relief of all parties. Just at this moment Richelieu^ decided that it would be to Richelieu the interest of France to renew the old struggle with the Haps- st"u^1e o^f burgs by sending troops against the Emperor. France was still France shut in, as she had been since the time of Charles V, by the Hapsburgs Hapsburg lands. Except on the side toward the ocean her boundaries were in the main artificial ones, and not those estab' lished by great rivers and mountains. She therefore longed to weaken her enemy and strengthen herself by winning Roussillon on the south, and so make the crest of the Pyrenees the line of demarcation between France and Spain. She dreamed, too, of ex- tending her sway toward the Rhine by adding the county of Bur- gundy (that is, Franche-Comte) and a number of fortified towns which would afford protection against the Spanish Netherlands. Richelieu declared war against Spain in May, 1635. ^^ h^*^ Richelieu^s already concluded an alliance with the chief enemies of the proi^^gs'°" house of Austria. So the war was renewed, and French, ^^^ ^^^ 1 See above, p. 638.
