mechanical — organic; law; individuality, society, socialism; Utilitarianism (the problem of happiness); Idealism, Realism, Naturalism; freedom of the will; personality and character; theoretical — practical; immanency — transcendency (the religious problem).
A survey of history shows us a periodic rise and fall in philosophy. Classical antiquity, Scholasticism, and Transcendentalism, all have ended in scepticism. Periods of great philosophical activity are invariably followed by periods of doubt and indifference. We are at present passing through such a stage of decline, in which, for example, men either despair of knowing the soul or believe in its materiality. Now, what cannot be known with absolute certainty, maybe believed as well as doubted. How comes it, then, that one age believes what another doubts? What produces this periodic change in man's attitude toward the great problems of philosophy? These are questions which the author attempts to answer. He emphasizes the fact that the fundamental faculties of the soul, perception and thinking, feeling and willing, are differently exercised in different epochs. This explains why one age should prize what another holds of little worth. It must also make us suspicious of a philosophy that would regard such facts as religion, morality, etc., as mere objects instead of organs of knowledge. The error common to all philosophy is that it attempts to prove and explain everything apodictically. The law of sufficient reason is a logical law, and where this no longer suffices, apodictic knowledge ends. Shall we say that there is neither freedom nor God, because no proof can be given? Has not moral necessity as great a claim to truth as logical necessity? Indeed, the intellect is a secondary function, and rises merely to a knowledge of facts, which are manifestations of forces or causes beyond the reach of the logical faculty. The final knowable ground consists, therefore, not in the logical, but in the moral function. Religion and morality are not simply the objects, but the "constitutive factors" of philosophy. Only with the aid of these, can philosophy escape scepticism, and reach a knowledge of the absolute. The book is divided into five chapters: Empiricism; Rationalism; Religion and Philosophy; Transcendentalism; Critical Review.
It is almost universally admitted to-day that the current theories of Logic are sadly defective and incomplete, and any systematic attempt at reforma-
