is certain. This is the more remarkable because he was one of the finest contrapuntists after Des Près, artistic, rich in melody and harmony, versatile and highly productive. His known works (from 1543, most apparently posthumous) are numerous, including a series of noble masses, over 150 motets, many chansons on French or Flemish popular songs, etc. [He was called Clemens non Papa to distinguish him from Clement VII. (pope, 1523-34), who was himself a good musician.]
Arnold von Bruck (d. 1545), born at Bruges, was choirmaster to Ferdinand I. from 1534—to-day known through some 60 scattered motets and part-songs with Latin or German words (from 1538).
Philippe de Monte (d. 1603), born at Mechlin in 1521, after serving in the Chapel Royal of England, became imperial choirmaster in 1563, at first assisting Vaet. His long term of service and his extant works (from 1554) indicate something of his eminence as one of the ablest Netherlanders. His publications (from 1554) included over 35 volumes of madrigals and chansons for 3-7 voices, 10 volumes of motets for 4-12 voices, 3 volumes of madrigali spirituali, 1 of masses, with many more in MS.
Jakob Vaet (d. 1567), another Netherlander, was in the Royal Chapel from 1562 and choirmaster from 1564. He is supposed to have served as an early promoter of the strict style (many motets, some masses and magnificats, a fine Te Deum for 8 voices, from 1562).
Alexander Utendal (d. 1581), of Netherland origin, spent his life in Innsbruck as choirboy, singer and assistant choirmaster under the Archduke Ferdinand. He wrote psalms, motets, masses, German and French part-songs (from 1570).
Alard du Gaucquier, born at Lille, was in the Chapel in 1564-76 and later ducal choirmaster. His reputation rests on several masses and magnificats (from 1574).
Jakob Regnart (d. c. 1600), still another Netherlander, one of five brothers, born in 1540, was choirboy, then court-singer and assistant choirmaster at Prague, about 1582 under the Archduke Ferdinand at Innsbruck, returning in 1595 to Prague again. His varied works (from 1574) were much esteemed, especially his canzone and German part-songs.
Jakob Handl [usually called Gallus] (d. 1591), born about 1550 in Carniola (southwest Austria), in 1578, after some travel, became choirmaster at Olmütz, whence in 1585 he went to Prague. He stands out as one of the best German contrapuntists during the Palestrina epoch, belonging, however, rather to the Venetian school. His masses, motets and moralia or 4-part songs (from 1580) were long in high repute in Germany.
A few lesser names are Leonhardt Paminger (d. 1597), rector of a school at Passau and a good motettist (cycle for the year, posthumous); Valentin Bacfart [Graew] (d. 1576), a Hungarian lutist, from 1566 alternately at the courts of Vienna and Poland, author of two works in tablature, with many pieces (1564-8); Blasius Ammon (d. 1590), a Tyrolese singer at Innsbruck and Vienna (sacred works from 1582); and François Sale (d. 1599), about 1589 choirmaster at Hall (Tyrol), and from 1593 singer at Prague (works, mostly sacred, from 1589).
