The interrelations of music with physics, physiology and æsthetics continued to be studied more or less, usually by those not otherwise engaged in musical work. In all these fields substantial progress was made in adjusting thought about music to modern views of natural science and of psychology.
In the domain of criticism, a veritable revolution set in with the work of Schumann on the one side (see sec. 192) and that of Wagner, Berlioz and Liszt on the other. Late in the period appeared the powerful Viennese critic Hanslick, taking his stand against what seemed to him the dangerous radicalism of the latter group. Two notable features of publication were, first, the frequency of rational analyses of masterpieces as to structure and content, and, second, the violent combat over Wagnerism and the 'new' schools generally. The former was intimately connected with historical and theoretical advances. The latter was the inevitable concomitant of a revolutionary transition in artistic method, and gradually died out as musical thought adjusted itself to new ideas.
The earlier theorists of the period were from 1832 Anton André of Offenbach
(d. 1842); from 1836 Fink of Leipsic (d. 1846); from 1837 Marx of
Berlin (d. 1866); and from 1840 Dehn of Berlin (d. 1858).
From 1844 appeared Fétis of Brussels (d. 1871); in 1845 Alfred Day of London (d. 1849); from 1846 Lobe of Leipsic (d. 1881); in 1853-4 Sechter of Vienna (d. 1867); from 1853 E. F. Richter of Leipsic (d. 1879); from 1853 Weitzmann of Berlin (d. 1880); from 1854 Hauptmann of Leipsic (d. 1868); from 1860 G. A. Macfarren of London (d. 1887); from 1860, representing the chromatic school, Heinrich Joseph Vincent of Vienna (d. 1901); from 1862 N. H. Reber of Paris (d. 1880); from 1866 Arthur von Oettingen of Dorpat; from 1867 Ludwig Bussler of Berlin (d. 1901); from 1868 Ouseley of Hereford (d. 1889); and from 1868 Otto Tiersch of Berlin (d. 1892).
In acoustics, contributions were made from 1827 by Charles Édouard Joseph Delezenne of Lille (d. 1866); from 1834 by Karl Franz Emil Schafhäutl of Munich (d. 1890); from 1846 by Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch of Leipsic (d. 1896); from 1853 by Heinrich Welcker von Gontershausen (d. 1873); in 1855 by Friedrich Zamminer of Giessen (d. 1856); from 1859 by Charles Meerens of Bruges; from 1863 conspicuously by Hermann Helmholtz of Heidelberg and Berlin (d. 1894); and from 1864 by Alexander John Ellis of London (d. 1890).
Vocal physiology was scientifically treated from 1833 by Johannes Müller of Berlin (d. 1858); in 1839 by Heinrich Häser of Jena (d. 1885); from 1846 by L. A. Segond of Paris; and from 1856 by Karl Ludwig Merkel of Leipsic.
