D open. Electrolysis was then commenced (D being closed), and the tap E was slightly turned until the escape of hydrogen into the apparatus was equal to the speed of its generation. The apparattis was filled, and several times exhausted, until no improvement in the spectrum or stratifications could be seen. The electrolytic cell was then sealed off at a narrow constriction between the first potash tube, F, and the phosphoric anhydride tube, G. After good exhaustion one of the branch tubes of palladium was heated, when the gauge sank several centimetres. Exhaustion and re-filling from fresh palladium were repeated until no alteration was detected in the appearance of the strata. Then, for the first time, I obtained hydrogen strata showing no blue, either throughout the tube or concentrated in front, whilst the most careful examination showed no mercury. The stratifications were all pink, and showed the hydrogen lines strongly.
Many disadvantages were noticed in the apparatus just described, the chief being the danger of introducing more impurities than were kept out by the copper, sulphur, and iodine tubes. The palladium method of introducing hydrogen was not altogether satisfactory, as only small quantities could be dealt with, and occasionally at a critical point the store was exhausted. Also, the electrolytic generator of hydrogen was too small. It was decided, therefore, to devise and tit up an entirely new piece of apparatus. In this another method was used for keeping out the mercury. It had been noticed that the diffusion of mercury from the pump proceeded the more slowly as the distance from the pump and the narrowness of the connecting tubes increased. It was thought that by introducing a long narrow spiral between the pump and the apparatus, one complicated system of tubes, with their attendant dangers, could be removed ; the result showed this supposition to be correct. Two vacuum tubes were employed, one having aluminium the other platinum terminals. The hydrogen generators were increased in size and number, and were so distributed that they could be sealed off one after the other during the progress of the experiment.
Stratifications in Pure Hydrogen.
The arrangement of the apparatus is shown in fig. 5. The three hydrogen generators are called Nos. 1, 2, and 3. In No. 1, the gas is generated by the action of hydrochloric acid on zinc. This crude hydrogen is only used to drive out the air from the rest of the apparatus and to remove the air dissolved in the liquids. When it had done its work, the generator was sealed off between Nos. 1 and 2, at A. It was considered that having the apparatus to begin with full of even somewhat impure hydrogen was better than starting with it full of air. The second and third generators contain at the bottom a pasty amalgam of mercury and zinc forming one pole, and a piece of
