that they possessed. But this voting power, except on certain established points—the declaration of war and, when the law was observed, criminal jurisdiction—was very ineffective, for the assembly was wholly dependent for its summons and expression of opinion on the patrician consuls, and liable to interruption from the pious scruples of patrician augurs; and we have already seen how even the choice of magistrates could be hampered by the formalities which still conditioned the election.[1] But, even had these adverse circumstances been avoided, the voting power of the Plebeians was small. The comitia centuriata contained chiefly the propertied—for the most part the landed—class; and even in this assembly the two first classes and the knights, which would have consisted mainly of Patricians, had a majority of votes (118 out of 193). The small farmers and the artisans commanded but 74 or 75 votes; the great mass of the Proletariate was either wholly unrepresented or could dispose of but a single vote. It is important to inquire whether these classes excluded from the centuries were represented elsewhere, or whether there was an assembly possessing any real power in which Patricians and Plebeians were alike represented.
It has been proved beyond a doubt that at some period during the first three centuries of the Republic Plebeians came to be included in the comitia curiata.[2] The change was the result of two circumstances; firstly, the perfect equality of private rights between the members of the two orders—adrogation and adoption, both of which followed the possession of a familia, and in many cases gentilitas, being common to both—which rendered it impossible to draw distinctions amongst the curiales; and secondly, the reactionary influence of the centuriate assembly, which emphasised the idea that Patricians and Plebeians together made up the Populus.
Such a change must have been gradual; but, when it had occurred, the admission of the Plebeians made this assembly thoroughly democratic in form, for a vote in this comitia depended neither on land or wealth, but simply on personal membership of a curia, which was common to all the citizens. But it is the very comparison of such a body with the thoroughly timocratic organisation of the comitia centuriata which leads us to believe that, at the time when the Plebeians were admitted, the curiae had ceased to be a power. The condition reached
