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CHAPTER VII.
CIVIL HISTORY OF THE NAVY, 1154–1399.
Effects of the Civil War—The great ports—Commerce—Twelfth-century ships—The esnecca—Galleys—Other craft—Weapons—Greek Fire—The Trench-the-Mer—Organisation of the Palestine Expedition—Treaty of co-operation between England and France—Rudimentary articles of war—Regulations for the fleet—Arrest of ships—The Law of Wreck—The "Ancient Towns"—The laws of Oleron—Methods of naval warfare—Longships—Cogs—Schuyts—The port reeves—Embargo on shipping—Jealously of King John concerning English vessels—The fleet in 1205—Vessels hired from or for the king—Orders for freight—The Keeper of the Ships—Officers in the thirteenth century—Gear and stores—Dockyards—Prize-money—Enlistment and impressment of seamen—Wages—The Right of the Flag—Names of ships—Purchase of stores—Cabins—Pay under Henry III.—Rates of freight—Laying-up of ships—Prizes under Henry III.—Impressment—Police of the narrow seas—Ireland and the Navy—Provisions—Lighthouses—Flags—Privateering and piracy—Further modification of the Law of Wreck—The magnet—Bayonne and the Navy—The Welsh expeditionary squadron—The Scots expeditionary fleet—The Cinque Ports—New Charters—"Ejections"—The Sovereignty of the Seas—Flags under Edward I.—Piracy in the narrow seas—Complements of ships—The rudder—Fireships—Quarter—Naval payments—Requisitions of shipping—Beacons—Royal fish—Ravensrode—The Flamands and the Sovereignty of the Seas—"Admiral"—Naval officers of the thirteenth century—New types of ships—La Phelipe—"Sail stones"—Flags under Edward III.—Sales of ships to foreigners—Gunpowder—Cannon—Breechloaders—The 'Black Book of the Admiralty'—The duties of admirals—The Channel ferry—Illegal taxation for naval purposes—Privileges of the Cinque Ports—Treaty with Portugal—Chaucer's shipman—The Walney relics.
UNDER the Angevin kings the navy of England attained at times a splendour and prestige which it had never before approached. In accordance with the stipulations of the Treaty of Wallingford, Henry II. peaceably succeeded Stephen at the latter's death in October, 1154, in spite of the fact that Stephen's son William was living, and that Henry did not arrive in England until six weeks after the late sovereign's demise.
The truth probably is that the country was weary of civil war; for, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the sufferings of the
