been amended In such manner as to protect the pub- lic, without hntnperlng the use of steam. A special type of engine, wltli vertical cylindera, carried well up above llie it»lefl (to secure them from injury by mud and dust, and to make them readily aceessible), and fitted with long connecting-rods, coupled directly to the leading axles, has been applied to Ibe street- cars. Alt four wLeels are connected by coupling- rods, as in the locomotive, nnd the exhaust st«am is concealed by various expedients. The surfacc-eon- denser was considered more economical than super- heating, to produce efficiency, and air-coudenaera were thought practicable. Engine and passenger-car were often combined, — a method used In various American systems, — in one of which (Kowan's) the engine can be removed, and another substituted, in a fewmlnutes. Depreciation was allowed forat 10%. Depreciation on the line alone was taken as 3%. The cost of operation was staled at 3.28 pence per mile, while the total of all expenses was given at n.33 pence per mile, and every penny per mile above this figure Bhouldglve2.29 In dividends. The line intended for such steam-traffic should be very substantially built, and large cars and moderate fares were advised.
Mr. Shelishear gave aii account of the street-rail- ways of Sydney, New South Wales, all of which are worked by ibe ordinary railway system. The num- ber of paisengers carried in 1882, on twenty-two miles of road, was 15,360,100, or about 200,000 per mile; and the earnings were over ti40,000 per mile, or about 2% per mile. The gauge was 4 feet 8^ inches, and the number of motors employed was 57, includ- ing several American (Baldwin] tank-engines, which work more smoothly than the English or home- made engines. The government is having other alfiam-cars, on the American system, built by the Baldwin works. The result has proved that horse- traction must yield to mechanical power.
��1. During the tertiary aae, there existed a being in- telligent enough to produce fire and to fabricate stone implements.
2. This being was not yet man ; it was his precur- sor, — an ancestral form, to which I have given the name of the man-ape.
S. Man appeared In Europe at the lieginning of the quaternary period, at leaat 230,000 or 240,000 yeare
i. Our first human type was that of Neanderthal. This type, essentially autochthonous, was slowly modified and developed during the quaternary peri- od, resulting in the type at Cro-Magnon.
5. His Industry, very rudimentary at Brst, devel- oped progressively in a regular manner, without shocks. This proves that the progressive movement went on upon the spot, without the intervention of propngandism and invasion from abroad. It was therefore really an autochthonous industry.
0. The regular development of this Industry has enabled me to divide the q'laternary period Into four
��epochs, — Brst, the ehellean, anterior to the glacial period ; second, the mousterian, contemporaueous with It; third and fourth, the soiutrian and the niagdalenian, posterior to it.
7. Quaternary man, mainly a fisherman, and espe- cially a hunter, was acquainted neither with agricul- ture nor with the domestication of animals,
S. He lived in peace, entirely destitute of religious ideas.
9. Tovrards the end of the quaternary period, In the sobilrlitn and the magdntenian epochs, he became an artist. '
10. With the present condition of things, there have come invasions from the east which have pro- foundly modified the population of western Europe. These have brought thllher ethnic elements entirely new, and In great part brachycephallc. To the sim- plicity and the purity of the autochthonous dolichoce- phalic race, there have succeedetl numerous crosses
11. The industry is found to be profoundly modi- fied. BellglouB ideas, the domestication of animals, and agriculture have made their appearance In west- ern Europe.
12. This first Invasion, which took place at the Robenhauaen epoch, set out from the regions of Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Caucasus. _
��PARKER'S TEXT-BOOK OF DISSECTIOtf.m
This book ia well printed, nnd presents au attractive appearance. OF the Beventy-tour woodcuts, all are good, some excellent. Tlie plan of llie liook is similar to that of Huxley and Martin's "Elementary biology," and, like it, la designed as a course of laboratory instruc- tion. Our author deals with the aualomy of the lamprey, ekate, cod, lizard, pigeon, and rabbit. It nill be seen that the anatomy of a representative form of each of the vertebrate classes except the Amphibia ia taken up, A type of this latter group was evidently omitted with purpoae, since Huxley and Martin's ' Biology ' lakes up the anatomy of the frog. The anatomy of the typea aelected is consid- ered from an independent point of view, and the author makes no attempt whatever to give a detailed or complete account of their struc- ture. He dwells on the more important points, taking up the anatomy in quite as detailed a manner as desirable, and perhaps more fully than can be compassed by the student in most of our laboratories. General directions are given as to instruments, methods of dissection, and preparation, followed by more detailed instructions about dissection of the types con-
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