1. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs.—Count Otto von Bismarck-Schönhausen, born April 1, 1814; studied jurisprudence at Berlin and Göttingen; elected member of the Constituent Assembly, 1848; Minister Plenipotentiary at the Diet of Frankfort, 1851-59; Ambassador to the Court of St. Petersburg, 1859-62; Ambassador to the Emperor of the French, May 1862. Appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, and chief of the Staatsministerium, September 23, 1862. Appointed Chancellor of the North German Confederation, July 14, 1867; and Chancellor of the Germanic Empire, December, 1870.
2. The Ministry of Finance.—Otto Camphausen, born Oct. 21, 1812; studied jurisprudence, and entered the state service in 1834; Councillor of Finance, 1845; member of the second chamber of the Prussian Diet, 1850-52; President of the Seehandlung Company, 1849-69; appointed Minister of Finance, Oct. 26, 1869.
3. The Ministry of War and Marine.—General Freiherr von Roon, born April 30, 1803; entered the army, 1821; professor at the Military Academy, Berlin, 1829-32; chief of the staff in the campaign against the Baden insurgents, 1849; appointed Minister of War, December 5, 1859; and Minister of Marine, April 16, 1861.
4. The Ministry of the Interior.—Count Friedrich zu Eulenburg, born Jan. 29, 1815; Chief of the Prussian Expedition to China and Japan, and Ambassador at the Court of Pekin, 1860-62; appointed Minister of the Interior, December 9, 1862.
5. The Ministry of Justice.—Dr. Gerhard Leonhardt, appointed Minister of Justice, Dec. 6, 1867.
6. The Ministry of Public Instruction and Ecclesiastical Affairs.—Dr. von Mühler, appointed Minister of Public Instruction and Ecclesiastical Affairs, March 17, 1862.
7. The Ministry of Agriculture.—Herr von Selchow, appointed Minister of Agriculture, December 8, 1862.
8. The Ministry of Commerce and Public Works.—Count Heinrich von Itzenplitz, Minister of Agriculture, March 17, 1862; appointed Minister of Commerce and Public Works, December 8, 1862.
Each of the provinces of the kingdom is placed under the superintendence of an 'Oberpräsident,' or governor, who has a salary of 7,000 thalers, or 1,050 £. Each province has also a military commandant, a superior court of justice, a director of taxes, and a consistory, all appointed by the king. The last is divided into three sections—one having the superintendence of schools, another of ecclesiastical affairs, and another of the public health. The provinces are subdivided into Regierungsbezirke, or counties, and these again into 'Kreise,' or circles, and the latter into 'Gemeinden,' or parishes. Each county has a president and an administrative board or council; and the further subdivisions have also their local authorities. The municipal
