DEFENCE — PEODUCTION AND INDUSTRY 1087
Defence.
The Dutch forces in the East Indies coiistitute a colonial army which is entirely separate from the home army. The colonial army consists of about one-third Europeans to two-thirds Natives, and comprises 29 battalions of infantry and 4 depot battalions, 4 squadrons, 4 field batteries, 4 mountain batteries, 15 fortress companies of artillery, and 5 engineer companies. In most battalions there are 3 companies of Natives and one of Europeans. In the Native companies, the officers, and a proportion of the non-commis- sioned officers, are Europeans. The artillery has European gunners and Native drivers. The Europeans are recruited by volunteers from the home army. The strength of the colonial army in 1912 was 1,315 officers and 31.898 men, of whom 10,133 were Europeans. There is also a small colonial reserve of both Europeans and natives.
The expenditure for defence in 1912 amounted to 4,563,854^., of which about 1,000,000^. was disbursed in Holland.
Production and Industry.
The greater part of the soil of Java is claimed as Government property, and it is principally in the residencies in the western part of Java that there are private estates, chiefly owned by Europeans and by Chinese. The bulk of the people are agricultural labourers. Formerly the Government or private landow^ners could enforce one day's gratuitous work out of seven, or more, from all the labourers on their estates ; in 1882 the greater part of these enforced services for the Government was abolished, in return for the pay- ment of one guilder per head yearly.
Area in Java and Madura cultivated by natives, 1910, 8,226,587 acres. The various cultures were as follows, in acres, in 1910 : Rice, 5,729,962 ; Maize, Arachis, Cotton, and various plants, 5,624,396 ; Sugar-cane, 374,248 ; Tobacco, 373,681 ; Indigo, 31,395 ; Total, 12,133,682.
Owing to the 'agrarian laAv' (1870), which has afforded opportunity to private energy for obtaining waste lands on hereditary lease (emphyteusis) for seventy-five years, private agriculture has greatly increased, as well in Java as in the Outposts. In 1910 were ceded on lease in Java by the Government to 869 Companies and Europeans, 1,096,320 acres ; to 89 Chinese, 53,455 acres; to 5 natives, 962 acres — total, 1,150,737 acres. In 1910, the lands, now the property of Europeans, had an extent of about 2,425,860 acres, of Chinese, about 306,160 acres, and of other foreign Orientals, about 21,969 acres.
In 1909 the number of sugar estates was 187. The yield of sugar in 1910 was as follows, in lbs. : Lands hired from natives, 2,126,877,600 ; Lands on Emphyteusis from Government and native princes, 402,928,533 ; Private properties, 49,032,666; Total, 2,578,838,799.
The production of coffee in Dutch India was, in lbs. : —
., ,. Goveninieiit, Free Cultivation ^t^ri^,?Jt.^^'^ Private ,n^.„,
^^' Lauds by natives ^^o^ S^ ^"'^'
1908 10,978,455 15,481,329 30,224,708 5,180,571 61,865,063
1909 4,338,933 15,037,800 24,688,666 6,223,466 50,288,865
1910 4,275,600 10,655,200 26,430,666 6,307,733 47,669,199
