1150
PORTUGAL
suffragans, of whom only two are on the European mainland ; while the Archbishop of Braga (the oldest see in Portugal) has five, and the Archbishop of Evora two. The Azores, Madeira, and the Portuguese colonial possessions of West Africa, continental and insular, with five episcopal sees, constitute part of the ecclesiastical province of Lisbon. In East Africa there is also the province of Mozambique. In Asia there is a j)rovince of Goa with four suffragan sees (Macao included).
The total income of the upper hierarchy of the Church is calculated to amount to SOO-jOOO milreis. In 1900 the number of Protestants in Portugal was 4,491, and that of Jews 481. The Republican government has separated the Church from the State, and State payments for the maintenance and expenses of worship have now ceased. The conventual establishments of Portugal were suppressed by decree of May 28, 1834, and their property confiscated for the benefit of the State. Notwithstanding, several estab- lishments of this nature were formed in later years ; they were suppressed by the provisional government, which enforced the law of 1834.
Instruction.
Education in Portugal is of three kinds— primary, secondary, higher and special. Primary education is compulsory, and is rigorously enforced by a decree of the Provisional Government of March 29, 1911. In 1911 there' were 7,120 elementary schools (6,320 public and 800 private) ; 32 secondary schools, the teachers for which are trained in the normal departments attached to the Universities of Lisbon and Coimbra. For higher education (which was re-organised in 1911) there are now 3 Universities, at Lisbon, Coimbra (founded 1290), and Oporto, which have various faculties. _ The Technical School at Lisbon provides instruction in engineering, chemistry, etc. There are also special colleges for music, art (Lisbon and Oporto), commercial schools, a military academy at Lisbon, and a naval school.
The number of pupils at the scondary schools in the session 1910-11 was 9,749 ; in 1911-12, 10,621. The number of students at the Universities in 1910-11 was 2,955; in 1911-12, 2,673. The number of students at the Schools of Fine Arts in 1910-11 was 894 ; in 1911-12, 963 ; and at the Military Academy in 1911-12, 352.
Justice and Crime.
The Republic is divided for judicial purposes into 193 comarcas ; in every comarca there is a court of first instance. There are two courts of appeal (Tribunaes de Relagao) at Lisbon and Oporto, and a Supreme Court in Lisbon,
The number of persons convicted of crime in the year 1905 was 18,266 f3,742 females) ; 1906, 18,090 (3,841 females) ; 1907, 17,814 (3,532 females) ; i908, 18,283 (3,822 females) ; 1909, 18,823 (4,068 females).
Finance.
The revenue (exclusive of loans) and expenditure, ordinary and extra- ordinary, for six years were (milreis = 4s. Qd. or ^j^ of a pound sterling) :—
Years [ Revenue
Expenditure
Years
Revenue Expenditure
1906-07
■ 1907-08
1908-09
Milreis 59,943,000 71,039,000 70,169,000
Milreis 63,265,000 77,121,000 75,275,000
< 1909-10 , 1910-11 1 1911-12
Milreis i Milreis 69,262,337 i 74,605,^80 69,979,000 : 70,273,000 71,678,000 76,447,000
