DEFENCE 1309
[liable to be siimmoned annually for 6 weeks' training, and the Redif for one month in alternate years, but the trainings are not regularly carried out. The recruits of the annual contingent, surplus to the requirements of the first line, are passed into a separate reserve. They undergo from 6 to 9 months' training in the first year of their service, and are afterwards supposed to receive an annual training of 30 days.
The Redif is in two classes, the first class representing men of the first five years of iigi^i/ service, and the second class representing men of the remain- ing four years' Redif service. The Redif infantry exists in time of peace in the form of small cadres, but the units can be, and frequently are, embodied. They are used, in conmion with the Nizam, for the suppression of dis- turbances, and are sometimes retained in service for considerable periods. There is no Redif cavalry, except 12 small cadi-es, on which it is intended [ to build regiments in event of war. There are, however, irregular cavalry I in Asia Minor, raised from the Kurdish and Arab tribes, and called the i Hamidieh cavalry. There are no Redif artillery or engineers. When Redif , divisions are mobilized they are supplied with these arms from the Nizam. The Mustajiz has no organisation.
The Empire is divided into 4 Nizam and 5 Redif inspection areas of very unequal size and military importance. Of the Nizam Inspections the 1st covers Rumelia and Anatolia and produces 4 army corps ; the 2nd covers Macedonia and Albania, Epirus and Syria, and produces 4 army corps aud 3 independent divisions ; the 3rd covers Armenia and Kurdistan, and produces 2 army corps and 2 independent divisions ; the 4th covers ]\Ieso- ]iotamia, Arabia, and Tripoli, and includes 2 army corps and 5 independent divisions. The 1st it^c^*/ Inspection coincides with the 1st Nizam Inspec- tion, and produces 17 divisions ; the 2nd also coincides with the 2nd Nizam Inspection and pj'oduces 22 divisions ; the 3rd and 4th correspond to the Nizam areas, and produce 8 and 4 divisions respectively ; the 5th con) prises 8yria and produces 7 divisions. Altogether there are on paper 43 Nizam divisions aud 57 Redif divisions. The troops in Yemen and the Hedjaz (4th Inspection) are a force in occupation, asAvere also those in Tripoli.
Nizam divisions normally have 3 line regiments, a rifle battalion, and 6 to 9 field batteries, each line regiment consisting of two battalions and a cadre in peace, and of 3 battalions in war ; thus the division has 7 battalions in peace and 10 in war. The artillery is being reorganised in 4 gun batteries. An army corps consists of 2 or 3 divisions, a cavalry brigade, 3 howitzer batteries, 6 mountain batteries, an engineer battalion and telegraph com- pany. There are 40 regiments of Nizam cavalry of 5 squadrons each ; besides these, there are 24 regiments of irregular Kurdish (Hamidieh) cavalry. Redif divisions have from 7 to 12 battalions, usually 9.
It is proposed to form 22 companies of frontier guards to- relieve the numerous small detachments of regular troops scattered along the European frontier.
The approximate peace strength of the Turkish army (not the peace establishment) has been, of late years, about 230,000 of all arms and ranks. Of these about 20,000 are in Yemen, 10,000 in Hedjaz, and 10,000 in Tripoli.
The GendarmeHe. — The extent of the Turkish Empire, its many subject
, races and turbulent elements, have necessitated the formation of large forces
f of Gendarmerie, amounting altogether to about 42,000 men, of whom 16,000
■ to 17,000 are mounted. Of these, 11,000, roughly speaking, are (or were) in
European Turkey, 29,000 in Asia Minor, 1,500 in Arabia, and 900 in Tripoli.
The Gendarmerie is recruited partly from the reserve of the Nizam, and
partly by direct enlistment ; it, however, is being reorganised.
