across. It has a capacity of about five pints and serves as a storehouse for food.
The stomach has four coats: 1. a serous coat derived from the peritoneum; 2. a muscular coat of three layers with longitudinal fibers continuous with those of the esophagus, circular fibers, and oblique fibers; 3. an areolar coat, and 4. a mucous coat, which, when the stomach is empty, is thrown into longitudinal folds or rugæ, and whose surface is covered with glands, the gastric glands, for the secretion of the digestive fluids.
The arteries come from the celiac axis and the nerves from the pneumogastric and the solar plexus.
Ulcer and cancer of the stomach are both rather common. In the former there is apt to be hyper-acidity and in the latter hypo-acidity, but the rule does not always hold. In cases of ulcer there may be hemorrhage and even perforation. Such hemorrhage can be distinguished from hemorrhage from the lungs by its slightly acid odor and by the frothy character of hemorrhage from the lungs. There is much irritation at the pylorus and where there is irritation there is liable to be cancer.
Gastric Digestion.—In the stomach the food is churned and thoroughly mixed with the gastric juices, and it is also subjected to a propulsive movement that drives it on to the intestine. When it comes to the stomach it is semi-solid and when it has become fluid or semi-fluid, in which state it is known as chyme, it is ready to pass on. Before it can do so, however, it must overcome the strong pyloric sphincter, and this it does by the muscles about the sphincter pushing it constantly on until the sphincter gives way. Probably most of the propulsive movements take place within a few inches of the pylorus.
The gastric juice is secreted by glands in the wall of the stomach and poured out through little tubules which project from the surface. It is a thin, almost colorless fluid with a sour taste and odor due to the presence of free hydrochloric acid, an important element in digestion. Probably when the stomach is empty and for some twenty
