the fingers toward an imaginary line drawn through the middle finger.
Joints of the Upper Extremity.—The joints of the upper extremity, with the exception of the wrist-joint, are the most freely movable of any in the body, probably because the hand has the finest work to do and a greater number of motions are required. Even the wrist has much greater freedom of motion than the corresponding joint in the lower extremity.
The shoulder-joint is rather a deep joint, to allow of the varied motion required, and has a capsular ligament from the margin of the glenoid fossa above to the neck of the humerus below. The elbow, which is a hinge joint, has an anterior and a posterior ligament and two lateral ligaments, as is practically the case in all such joints. The wrist has several ligaments which, taken together, are capsular in nature.
Blood Supply of the Upper Extremity.—The blood supply of the upper extremity comes through the subclavian artery, which, on the right, springs from the innominate artery and on the left from the aortic arch. It remains one trunk as far as the elbow, though different names have been given to different parts. Thus, as it passes over the lower border of the first rib, it becomes the axillary, and at the lower border of the axilla, where it starts down the arm, the brachial. At the elbow it divides into the ulnar and radial arteries.
In its upper part the brachial artery lies internal to the humerus but below it is in front of the bone. The radial runs in a line from the middle of the elbow anteriorly to the inner side of the styloid process of the radius and is much exposed to injury in the lower third of its course, as when the hand is thrust through glass. On it at the wrist the pulse is counted. It is much smaller than the ulnar and winds around the outer side of the thumb to the palm, where, with the deep branch from the ulnar, it forms the deep palmar arch. The ulnar artery passes obliquely inward to the middle of the
