distant objects. The ability of the eye to focus upon objects at different distances is called accommodation and to accomplish it three things are necessary: 1. change in the shape of the lens; 2. convergence of the axes of the eyes, and 3. narrowing of the pupils.
When the eye is directed toward distant objects, the muscle fibers in the ciliary processes relax, causing tightening of the suspensory ligaments and consequent flattening of the surface of the lens. Otherwise an image would be formed in front of the retina; for the greater the convexity of the lens, the greater the angle of refraction. Such accommodation is passive and so not fatiguing. To look at nearby objects, on the contrary, the ciliary muscles contract, drawing the choroid forward and allowing the suspensory ligaments to relax, so that the lens bulges in front. This is an exertion.
In order to accommodate properly, moreover, both eyes must work together and the axes of both eyes must be directed toward the object. Therefore, in looking at near-by objects the axes of the eyes converge, drawn by the internal recti muscles. In strabismus or cross eye, where the axes of both eyes cannot be directed toward the object at the same time, the rays fall upon one part of one eye and upon a different part of the other eye and two separate images are seen.
Finally there is concentric narrowing of the pupil by contraction of the circular fibers of the iris, by which means various side rays that would come to a focus outside the retina are excluded.
All the muscles of accommodation, the ciliary muscles, the internal recti, and the spincter pupillæ, are under the control of the third nerve.
Connected with this power of accommodation and dependent on it are the two conditions of near-sightedness or myopia and far-sightedness or hypermetropia.
The normal eye is emmetropic and is almost perfectly spherical, but in the near-sighted or myopic eye
