from the burst hid the target in the first case, and as the target appeared silhouetted against the smoke from the burst in the second. The cone of dispersion of the modern base charge shrapnel combines comparatively small lateral spread with great effect in depth. The effect of a well-placed shrapnel may be confined to one target, and that of projectiles bursting in the intervals reduced by taking up a formation in which narrow columns (columns of squads) are separated by wide intervals (up to 50 m.).
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The range is determined or verified by bracketing; that is,
by enclosing the target between shots which, fired at a known
difference of range, strike respectively, short of and beyond
the target. In France this is done either by battery salvo or by
piece. In the former case, the French distribute the fire
equally over the entire space which they wish to cover with
fire; hence, they do not direct it upon the individual columns,
