of the XIth Corps, it was recommended that, when exposed to moderate hostile fire, the soldier should hug the ground as closely as possible while at work. The intrenching proceeded most rapidly when the soldier first excavated the ground in front and threw it forward. But in order to do this, the man has to push himself backward during the work and must throw the earth some distance. The parapet is low, but affords sufficient protection.
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The task is greater when the soldier lies first on his left, then on
his right side, removes earth from a borrow pit at his right and then
from one on his left, and piles it up in front. As the skirmisher lies on
the natural surface of the ground during this operation, he naturally
constructs a higher parapet.
The following general rules governing the use of the
spade in attack may be laid down:
1. An invariable use of the spade in attack must be unhesitatingly condemned. The best means of gaining the superiority of fire, and the best protection against hostile fire, is our own fire.
2. It must not be left to the soldier's discretion, as to whether or not he shall intrench. The order for intrenching should in every case emanate from the supreme commander.
3. As a rule, the spade should be used in those phases of combat that partake more of a defensive character, in particular—
(a) To protect artillery and prepare rallying positions during the preparatory stage of the action;
(b) To shelter troops detailed to contain the enemy while enveloping movements are in progress;
