ATTAMAN ATTERBURY to Honorius, commanding him to cut off his hands and feet and retire to a desert island. At the end of a year he was deposed by Alaric on the plain of Ariminum. After the death of Alaric he was again put forward by Ataulphus as a claimant of the purple ; but he was taken prisoner and sentenced by Honorius to lose a thumb and forefinger and suffer banishment in the island of Lipari. ATTAMUV, the title of the supreme chief of the Cossacks, now retained only by those of the Don. The attaman was elected by the people in a general public meeting ; the mode of election was by throwing their fur caps at the favorite, and he who had the largest heap of caps was chosen. When in the 16th century the Cossacks submitted to the Poles, the elec- tion of the attaman was confirmed by the Polish king. After the secession of the Cos- sacks from Poland and their submission to Russia in the 17th century, the attamans pre- served the same rights until after the insurrec- tion of Mazeppa, when the office was sup- pressed. In 1750 it was restored in the person of Count Razutnovsky. When Catharine II. destroyed the organization of the Cossacks of the Ukraine, the dignity of attaman was con- fined to those of the Don. The last elective attaman of these Cossacks was Platoff, after whose death the emperor Nicholas made the dignity of attaman hereditary in the cesare- vitch. The commanders of various other Cos- sack organizations in Russia bear the title of attaman, but only by custom and courtesy. From the word attaman was derived the word hetman, in ancient Poland the title of the com- mander of all the military forces of the nation. ATTAR or Otto of Roses, a delicious perfume extracted from the petals of the rose. It is a volatile oil, of soft consistency, nearly col- orless, and deposits a crystallizable substance partially soluble in alcohol. The best is pre- pared at Ghazipoor in Hindostan ; but it is apt to be much adulterated with sandalwood and other oils. It is obtained from rose water by setting it out during the night in large open vessels, and early in the morning skimming off the essential oil, which floats at the top. It is estimated that 200,000 well grown roses are required to produce half an ounce of the oil ; and the value of this when it is manufactured is about $40. If warranted genuine at the English warehouses, it sells for about $50, or $100 per ounce.
II I:KI:O)|. Peter Daniel Amadens, a Swedish
poet, born Jan. 19, 1790, died in Upsal, July 21, 1855. At the university of Upsal he was one of several students who formed the " Au- rora" association, with the purpose of eman- cipating Swedish literature from French in- fluence. His essays published in the society's magazine, the "Phosphorus," and directed against the academy and the prominent literary party of the day, provoked a feud in which he was the chief object of attack. But he grad- ually gained adherents, and in 1819, after a tour of two years in Germany and Italy, he was made German tutor to Prince Oscar, the future king of Sweden. Subsequently he became pro- fessor at Upsal, and in 1839 was received as member of the academy, which he had as- sailed in the "Phosphorus." The best of his satirical contributions to that magazine was a | drama in prose entitled K imarbandet, "League of the Rhymers." As founder and for many years editor of the Poetisk Kalender, he exert- ed a marked influence upon aesthetic culture in Sweden. His lyrical poems are contained in his Samlade Dikter (2 vols., Upsal, 1836-'7). His Skrifter or confessions (1835) treat of histo- ry and philosophy. The most important of his other works, Svensfca Siare och Skalder (" The Seers and Poets of Sweden "), is a review of Swedish literature. The 6th and last volume of this work appeared in 1856. A posthumous work, Poesiens ffistoria, was published at Ore- bro in 1862. The best complete edition of his works appeared there in 1858. ATTERBURY, Francis, an English theologian and politician, born at Milton, near Newport- Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, March 6, 1 662, died in Paris, Feb. 15, 1732. He was the son of a clergy- man, and was educated at Westminster school, and at Christ Church college, Oxford, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1684. In 1687 appeared his controversial work, " A Reply to ' Considerations on the Spirit of Martin Luther and the Original of the Reformation,' " a pam- phlet written by Obadiah Walker, a Roman Catholic, master of University college. Atter- bury's defence of Protestantism was long classed among the best of such arguments. He now acted for several years as tutor to young Boyle, afterward earl of Orrery. Taking orders in 1691, his eloquence as a preacher procured him several offices in the church, and finally the appointment of chaplain to the king and queen. He was constantly involved in controversies on theological and literary subjects. He ac- quired special notoriety from a work written principally by him, but published in 1698 under the name of Charles Boyle, who was then a student at Christ Church, in which great wit but little learning was used in a violent attack upon Richard Bentley, who had declared the reputed letters of Phalaris, previously publish- ed by Boyle, to be entirely spurious. This was one of the most famous literary controversies of the time, and before it closed it had enlisted much of the talent of the two universities on one side or the other. In 1700 Atterbury en- gaged on the side of the clergy in a discussion of the rights of convocation, and received the thanks of the lower house of convocation, and the degree of D. D. from Oxford. In 1702 he was appointed a chaplain in ordinary to Queen Anne, in 1704 dean of Carlisle, and in 1707 canon in Exeter cathedral. During several years he engaged in an intricate theological dispute with Benjamin Hoadley. In 1710 he was made prolocutor to the lower house of convocation, in 1712 dean of Christ Church
