154 AUSTRIA ditreichUcJien GesammUtaatsidee (vol. i., Inn- spruck, 1867); Rogge, Von Vilagos lis zur Gegenwart (vol. i., Leipsic, 1872); Archm fur Kunde der osterreichischen Gesehichtsguellen (published by the Vienna academy of science, vols. i. to xliv., Vienna, 1848-71). AUSTRIA, an archduchy in the western half of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, bounded N. by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary, ' 8. by Styria and Salzburg, and W. by Salzburg and Bavaria; area, 12,288 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 2,736,224. It is divided into two provinces or crown lands Upper Austria (Oestreicli oft der Enni) in the west, and Lower Austria (Oest- reich unter der Enni) in the east, the river Enns forming part of the boundary between them. UPPEE AUSTHIA has an area of 4,633 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 735,622. The principal rivers are the Danube, which divides the province into two portions, the Enns, the Traun, and the Inn, tributaries of the Danube, and the Salz- ach, which flows into the Inn. In the S. W. are numerous Alpine lakes, some of them of considerable size. Mineral springs are found in various parts of the province, but few of them are of great value. The surface is moun- tainous. S. of the Danube the Noric Alps overspread the country, rising, in the group near Hallstadt, to the height of more than 9,500 ft. N. of the Danube the mountain sys- tem of Bohemia extends into the province, but attains no considerable altitude. The soil is exceedingly fertile in the valleys of the Danube and its tributaries, but elsewhere stony and dry. Even on the mountain slopes, however, the inhabitants have made it productive. The climate is bracing and cool, from the moun- tainous nature of the country. Agriculture and cattle-breeding are the principal occupa- tions of the people. The salt works at Ischl and Hallstadt furnish an important industry, but the manufactures are not extensive, and consist chiefly of iron articles and cotton goods. Capital, Linz. LOWEE AUSTRIA has an area of 7,655 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 2,000,602. The principal rivers are the Danube, Enns, Leitha, Krems, March, and Thaya. The S. portion is occupied by a part of the Koric Alps, with their branches; the chief of these are the groups of the Wienerwald or Kahlengeberg, a spur of which, the Schneeberg, is 6,760 ft. above the sea. N. of the Danube chains of hills ex- tend into the country from Bohemia, but there are no considerable peaks. The valley of the Danube is here broad and fertile, and the smaller valleys of its tributaries, especially in the northern part of the province, also furnish large tracts of arable land. The climate is somewhat warmer than that of Upper Austria. Agriculture is not carried to the perfection attained in that province ; but the manufac- tures are much more numerous and flourishing. They include machines of many kinds, car- riages, wagons, optical, musical, and mathe- matical instruments, metal wares, articles of leather work, silk, woollen, and cotton goods. AUTOLYCUS Most of these are carried on in the neighbor- hood of Vienna. The province is intersected by several lines of railway, and there is a brisk trade with the neighboring states. Capital, Vienna. The archduchy of Austria was the nucleus around which the empire of Austria (now the Austro-Hungarian monarchy) grew up. Lower Austria was founded as a margraviate in the time of Charlemagne; in 1156, joined with Upper Austria, it became a duchy, and in 1453 an archduchy. From this time the Hapsburgs steadily added to its territory, and it was soon merged in their increasing possessions. U s I Ito-lll M. AIUA> MONARCHY. See Aus- TEIA. Al'TAI'CA, a central county of Alabama, bounded S. by the Alabama river ; area, about 650 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,623, of whom 7,292 were colored. The Selma, Rome, and Dalton, and South and North Alabama rail- roads pass through the county. The surface is uneven and the soil fertile. In 1870 the county produced 191,158 bushels of Indian corn, 36,660 of sweet potatoes, and 7,965 bales of cotton. There were two cotton factories and a cotton gin factory, producing articles to the value of $681,733. Capital, Kingston. AITIIK.YI'K'S, a Latin translation of the No- vella of Justinian, so called by early writers from its being a literal translation of the origi- nal. The term was afterward applied to ex- tracts of decisions from the Novella by which previous decisions or definitions contained in the Pandects or the Codex were modified or set aside. These extracts were made by doc- tors of the law and inserted in the Corpus Juris, but had no authority. The German emperors Frederick II. and III. issued in their names authentics, and ordered the civilians of Bologna to intercalate them in the code of Jus- tinian. These last had a practical authority. AUTO DA Fl (Port., act of faith; Span., auto de fe), a public, day held by the inquisition for the punishment of heretics and the absolution of the innocent accused. The term is also applied to the sentence of the inquisition read to the con- demned just before execution, and to the session of the court of inquisition. (See INQUISITION.) AtTOLYCCS. I. In Greek legend, a son of Mercury and Chione, father of Anticlea, and thus maternal grandfather of Ulysses, who spent part of his youth at his residence on Mt. Parnassus. He was renowned for his cunning as a robber and a liar, and possessed the pow- er of metamorphosing both himself and the things stolen. But Sisyphus overmatched him in cunning ; for Autolycus having stolen his sheep and transformed them, he identified them by marks which he had made under their feet and compelled him to restore them. II. A mathematician of Pitane in .lEolis, lived about 350 B. C. His treatises on the " Motion of the Sphere " and on the " Risings and Set- tings of the Fixed Stars " are the oldest extant Greek works on mathematics. Three MSS. of each exist at Oxford, but no complete edition
